UDC 378 Savranchuk L.A., Bryk S.D.

FEATURES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN ITALY

Chernivsi National University of Y. Fedkovich, Chernivtsi, Ukraine

Summary

Larysa Savranchuk, Stepan Bryk. FEATURES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN ITALY.

This article describes the features of the higher education system in Italy;

Author determined history of higher education in Italy;

focused attention on the present state of higher education in Italy, in particular, reveals the organization of training;

considered the length of the academic year, the structure of examinations; mentioned faculty at universities;

it goes on the level of qualification;

are examples of classification of higher education institutions in Italy;

comments features and characteristics of the educational process in universities in Italy.

The presented statistics on the percentage of successful completion of training and obtain certificates among students.

There is a language of communication low proportion of people with higher education and the predominance of labor-intensive employment and prosperity mafia.

Key words: history of education in Italy, the special features of modern higher education in Italy.

Л.А. Савранчук, С.Д. Брик. Особливості системи вищої освіти Італії

У статті описані особливості системи вищої освіти Італії;

схарактеризоване минуле системи вищої освіти Італії;

сконцентрована увага на сучасному стані вищої освіти Італії, зокрема: розкривається організація навчання;

розглядається тривалість академічного року, структура іспитів;

згадується професорсько-викладацький склад в університетах;

іде мова про рівні кваліфікації; наведені приклади класифікацій вищих навчальних закладів Італії; зауважені особливості та риси навчального процесу у вузах Італії.

Подані статистичні дані про відсотки успішного завершення навчання та отримання дипломів серед абітурієнтів. Іде мова про зв’язок невисокої частки людей з вищою освітою та переважанням трудомісткої зайнятості населення та процвітанням мафії.

Ключові слова: історія освіти Італії, особливі риси сучасної вищої освіти Італії.

Л.А. Савранчук, С.Д. Брик. Особенности системы высшего образования Италии

В статье описаны особенности системы высшего образования Италии;

охарактеризована прошлое системы высшего образования Италии;

сконцентрировано внимание на современном состоянии высшего образования Италии, в частности: раскрывается организация обучения;

рассматривается продолжительность учебного года, структура экзаменов;

упоминается профессорско-преподавательский состав в университетах;

идет речь о уровне квалификации; приведены примеры классификаций высших учебных заведений Италии; замеченные особенности и черты учебного процесса в вузах Италии.

Представленные статистические данные о процентах успешного завершения обучения и получения дипломов среди абитуриентов. Идет речь о связи невысокой доли людей с высшим образованием и преобладанием трудоемкой занятости населения и процветанием мафии.

Ключевые слова: история образования Италии, особые черты современного высшего образования Италии.

Problems, analysis of previous research and publications. In the study of the subject "Methods of teaching the subject at the High School" great interest among students is studying topics: Features of higher education in Europe. Due to processing Internet - sources we got facts to characterize the essence of teaching in higher schools in Italy, positioned as one of the most advanced education systems in Europe [4-6]. The issue of evaluation of the education system in Italy highlighted in the works: A.V. Borysenkova 2006; E.V. Maklakova, E.A. Mishina, 2001-2004 [1-3].

Italy is a member of the Group of Seven countries. Most of the population lives in urban areas, mainly engaged in the service sector. Italy has significant revenues from foreign tourism - the country annually visited by over 50 million people. They are attracted by Mediterranean beaches, historical sights, winter sports and more.

Italy lags behind highly developed countries in terms of technological development. In Italy, a large state role in the economy, but the scope of the "shadow" economy is 20% in construction and commerce. The decisive levers of economic and political life concentrated in the hands of private capital, a significant part of enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses.

The purpose of study. Identify the features of higher education in Italy to explain the current state of the economy and its role among European countries.

The main material. Italy is the cradle of European education. The first universities in Europe have come here in the XI century, and then by their example formed Oxford (XII century.), Cambridge, and Sorbonne (XIII c.). The world's oldest university founded in with Bologna in 1088, after it emerged establishments in Padua (1222) and Naples (1224). The latter is considered the world's first public university. In the Middle Ages wishing to become good lawyers will certainly come in with Bologna University. The best doctors in Europe produced the University of Salerno. In Italy, the education received great artists and sculptors. Higher education then was prestigious. Under state control of universities were after 1859. The reform Gentili (1923) stressed the scientific problems of universities, diplomas which were purely academic. In the current activity increased autonomy of universities. In 1969 was introduced to the University without examination everyone who owned a high school diploma, which eventually led to overcrowding of classrooms and teachers work more difficult. In the 90s of XX century higher education derive 63-67% of graduates 13 years of high school. However, until graduation day "reach" only 30% of applicants.

The "classical" high schools that prepared for university, studying Latin and Greek, no studies of modern foreign languages. Programs at this level are too long (5 years) and subjected to criticism. To enroll in universities without exams must pass high school program. High School submitted mainly Italian universities. The participation of Italy in the European Union forced the country to introduce postgraduate academic title of Doctor of Science; of 1990 introduced specialized short university programs (2-3 years) with final university diploma, and the law in 1993 further expanded the autonomy of universities. In the early 90's in Italy there where 41 State University, 20 - created before 1600. Major universities are in Rome, Naples, Milan, with Bologna, Padua. In addition, the function polytechnics in Milan and Turin, and a number of private universities, are including the largest - Catholic University in Milan.

University of Bologna was known in the middle Ages. Other ancient universities were founded in Parma (962), Modena (1175), Perugia (1200), Padua (1222), Naples (1224), Siena (1240), Macerata (1290), Rome (1303), Florence (1321), and Ferrari (1391). In the early 90s in higher education in Italy enrolled about 1.2 million students (of whom more than 1 million - in public universities). Increase the number of students was associated with women for higher education. In the late 30s they accounted for only 20% of the seats, and in the late 70's - 40%. Despite these achievements, Italy continued to lag behind the leading European countries largest expenses for higher education and the number of graduates. In the early 90's in Italian universities enrolled more than 25,000 international students.

Higher education Italy has a university and non-university sector, and most institutions are public. Universities with educational and scientific programs are managed by the Ministry of University and Scientific and Technological Research, whose mission is: to plan and implement development scientific research; up three-year development plans of universities; allocate funds between institutions in accordance with the law; coordinate the participation of Italy in international programs. In total there are 65 Italian of university-level institutions (public and "free", that well managed, but have official recognition, work on the State inspected and the Ministry of Education).

Non-university institutions are divided into: Art Institute under the auspices of the inspectorate and artistic training institutes under the auspices of other ministries.

Introduction applicant is determined by the presence of a secondary school certificate. Other conditions depend on the choice of specialty. The universities themselves set the requirements and the number of seats for admission. Many of them spend entrance exam and analyze school scores. Introduction to the limited specialty (medicine, dentistry) is only the results of examinations. Restrictions exist in private universities. Traditionally, the year begins 1 November and ends on 31 August of the following year. Recently, the school year in many departments divided into two semesters that starts earlier. Programs are divided into separate disciplines oral exams after completion. Each academic year ends session. Globe scores are in the range between 18/30 and 30/30. The scale consists of 30 points for examination committee consisting of 3 persons each can put up 10 points. Number of annual exams depends on the faculty. In the list of compulsory subjects and those who make choice. By graduation, students must pass the final exam in writing or defending the project to a group of 11 teachers (total score can reach 110 points). Visiting is binding for the graduation specialty. To apply for next year at the end of previous examinations consist of theory and practice of the specialization. The final exam is a written one or more items from the training program.

Graduate students must report annually on the amount of work performed for permission to continue his studies. After graduation they defend the thesis before the National Commission.

The teaching staffs at universities are: full or associate professors who enjoy the same rights and independence; researchers who help in teaching subjects; professors for short-term contracts to help read the subject (it 1/10 of the total number of teachers); teachers of languages courses.

Italian universities that accept of graduate’s 13-year-old high school give four types of diplomas: Universitario - training on short cycles of standard duration 2-3 years in universities; Di laurea - full diploma after 4-6 years of common cultural and scientific exchange, which gives the right to the title of «dottore». «Limited» professions (doctors, architects etc.) to start professional activity must pass the state qualifying exam. Most professions education lasts 4 years, an engineer, architect, dentist - 5 years, physician - 6 years; Di specializzazione - professional retraining specialist after 1-2 years of additional training programs that define universities themselves (teacher training colleges, etc.); Dottorato di ricerca - introduced from 1980 with a doctorate research, carried out under the supervision and with the decision of the assistant professors in the discipline. Training lasts 3-5 years and gives the graduate the ability to perform independent searches of original results.

Two university and non-university sectors differ in that the former is most developed in a number of subjects, disciplines and trends, and on the number of levels and degrees. Educational institutions non-university type - Academy of Arts Conservatory and institutions focused on conducting research activities. In Italy there are 65 university-level institutions, which are distributed to 45 public universities; 3 Polytechnic (particularly in Milan and Turin); 5 private (Milan and Rome); 3 state university institutions; 4 private university institutions in Milan and Rome; 2 Universities for Foreigners (Perugia, Siena); 3 high schools in Trieste.

Non-university institutions are classified as follows: Art Institute under the auspices of the Inspectorate of art education; 20 Arts Academies, which are four-year courses in areas of the arts (painting, sculpture, decorative arts and design). There are entrance exams, which are exempt from the students of secondary arts institutions (schools and institutions). Transferable exams are held annually at the end of study give diploma with artistic specialization. They also include 4 higher institutions of art industry (Florence, Rome). List of items defined scientific and didactic Council institution. Applicants must have a matriculation certificate and interviews. Classes are lead to protect final project, which entitles you to an appropriate degree Academy of Arts. This includes the Academy of Performing Arts in Rome with two areas of: Actors (4 years) and managers (3 years). There is an entrance exam and 30 seats in each direction. These include: a). National Academy of Dance in Rome with the reception at the end of primary school. Training lasts eight years. Students are parallel and secondary education within an additional three years improving choreography; b). institutions under the auspices of other establishment, 10 institutes of physical education (Rome and other cities) with a three-year study. To enter, you must have the certificate and pass the entrance exam. The number of places is limited. Graduates receive a diploma physical education teacher; Experimental Cinema Centre in Rome, which provides formal professional diplomas; Central Institute of restorers in Rome, which has two cycles: the "metals and archaeological objects" and cartoon pictures. Introduction competition (seats are limited). Training lasts three years. In professional specialization diploma states; in Florence, where he also prepared restaurateurs; School archivists in several cities for training of archivists; high schools translators (private or municipal) having two years of study. After their completion, the training is given and professional diploma recognized by the state. This is not academic diplomas issued after a four-year university studies in with Bologna and Trieste; military academies and institutes police, run by the Ministry of Defense and the Interior.

The academic year begins November 5th and ends May 31. During the year is three sessions and exams term "floating" (excluding mandatory exams for each faculty). There is no paper. Exams are written and oral. Each exam requires a lot of self-training as give lectures on the basic things you need to know. Exams cope with not all. Diploma “reaches” only 30% of applicants. They do not pay, and leave for a second course (fee). To obtain a bachelor's degree need to learn four to six years (depending on specialty). The next stage, which corresponds to the Masters degree, is three years. At the end of every level students defend a thesis. The basis of assessment for it is the arithmetic mean of all results handed student exams. Depending on the Protection Commission may reduce or increase the final evaluation. After three years of training in specialty graduate of the University can enroll in graduate school. You need to pass entrance tests. Those who successfully cope with them, get a scholarship to study in Italy. Doctoral students usually lead research in universities in Italy and abroad. Those who defended get a doctorate.

Student dormitories are ideal for a freedom-loving. For those who may suffer some limitations - you can stay in the host Italian family that is sure to improve knowledge of Italian. Payment and first and second pleasure is not much different to each other - about 300-500 euros per month, depending on the facilities and location in relation to the university. Alternatively, you can stay at the hotel. All hotels have arrangements with institutions and provide for a discount. Even so, every day will have to say goodbye to 30-120 euros, depending on the "star" and hotel amenities. If desired, you can rent an apartment that "will cost" in 800-1400 euros per month. Price depends on size, location and additional amenities. The cost of study in high school, the average is $ 500. However, in calculating the cost turns out that in addition to tuition fees, cost of a round sum purchase textbooks and accommodation. Textbooks and books in Italy are 80-150 dollars a textbook, and they should be far more than a dozen. In addition, the added value of removable apartments, food, etc., and becomes quite significant amount - $ 1,000 per month. But to earn while learning is difficult. Foreign students in Italy cannot work more than 20 hours a week - at that hour of work is estimated at 5-7 euro. Scholarship also cannot count, because such a pleasure for foreigners is not provided, although Italian students can get up to 2.5 thousand euros per year.

Often Italian teenagers are going to work in 14 years, gaining craft on the job, which is especially true for those whose parents have their own company, shop, where children and continue their business. According to the last census, the percentage of Italians with education 8th grade is 30%. Units of study in the evening or correspondence separated. Percentage of population with higher education is very low - about 7%, partly justified by the fact that high unemployment in Italy and the easiest to find work in the service sector, and to work seller, bartender, secretary, special education is not necessary.

Italians today, unfortunately, there is no desire for knowledge. There are a lot of people do not read, those who have never been in theaters. With all the cultural richness of Italy Italian average prefers to lie on the beach and not go to the museum. Italians with higher education are different from others in seeking to read and learn something new.

Conclusions. System of the higher education in Italy is made up of university and non-university sector, most public institutions, under the Ministry of University and scientific and technological research. There are more than 60 university-level institutions. Specializations are open to all (except medicine, dentistry, which are variable from year to year, the number of seats). Italian universities that accept student’s 13-year-old high school awarded four types of degree: Bachelor, Specialist, Master, and Doctor.

The academic year begins in November and ends May 31; many departments divided into 2 semesters and have 3 sessions. Every student is an individual curriculum. Exams are written and oral.

By graduation "reach" only 30% of entrants others remain in second course because foreigners to provide 50% of available seats. Training is conducted in Italian, so the knowledge necessary for admission to a particular college. Learn language offer a variety of courses.

Thus, system of the higher education in Italy is quite peculiar and quite simple, retains its identity and traditions. The current state of affairs in higher education explains the development of labor-consuming industries (production of household appliances, light, furniture, food, etc.), the monopolized family groups: Agnelli, Pirelli, Pezenti, Dancing, which attract a large army in the production workforce. A small number of people with higher education create conditions for "immortality" mafias and functioning of their organizations.

References: 1. A.V. Borisenkova. The higher education system of the "Group of Eight: Italy» // Bulletin of international organizations. 2006. №2. P. 25-34. 2. E.V. Maklakova, E.A. Mishina. Historical and pedagogical aspects of higher education in Italy // Proc. "Problems of quality management training in the system of continuous prof. education". - Vol. 7. M.: MGTA. 2003. 3. E.V. Maklakova, E.A. Mishina. Reform of higher education and professional in Italy as a theoretical basis for constructing a new educational process // Modular technology learning in continuing prof. education (theory and practice). - Vol. 8. - M.: Bauman, 2004. 4. www.ed.net.ua/edusys/italyhtm 5. www.edu-edu.ru/italy.htm 6. www.yastudent.ru/asticles/

References: 1. Borysenkova A.V. Systemy vyssheho obrazovanyia stran «Hruppy vosmy: Ytalyia» // Vest. Mezhdunarodnykh orhanyzatsyi, 2006. №2. S. 25-34. 2. Maklakova EV, Myshyna EA Ystoryko-pedahohycheskye aspekty vuzovskoho obrazovanyia v Ytalyy // Sb. «Problemy upravlenyia kachestvom podhotovky spetsyalystov v systeme nepreryvnoho prof. obrazovanyia ». - Vyp. 7. M .: MHTA. 2003. 3. Maklakova E.V., Myshyna E.A. Reforma vyssheho y proffesyonalnoho obrazovanyia v Ytalyy kak teoretycheskaia osnova postroenyia novoho uchebnoho protsessa // Modulnye tekhnolohyy obuchenyia v systeme nepreryvnoho prof. obrazovanyia (teoryia y praktyka). - Vyp. 8. - M .: MHTU, 2004. 4. www.ed.net.ua/edusys/italyhtm. 5. www.edu-edu.ru/italy.htm. 6. www.yastudent.ru/asticles/.