Философия/ 2. Социальная философия

Karabayeva A.G.

Dr. Sc., Professor

Ismagambetova Z.N.

Dr. Sc., Professor

Akbergen A.I.

PhD student

al-Faraby Kazakh National University

Republic of Kazakhstan

Types and models of tolerance in contemporary society

Tolerance is an important contents of cooperation between the peoples of Kazakhstan. Cooperation is the most important Kazakhstan's model of tolerance. Kazakhstan's model of tolerance is based on a joint choice of the peoples of Kazakhstan's of socio-cultural life, peaceful coexistence and social harmony. Kindness, courtesy and patience with various representatives of ethnic groups living together in Kazakhstan as well as confidence, social activities and cultural dialogue are main features of tolerant behavior, communication and coexistence of the people of Kazakhstan. Cultural dialogue is the foundation of achievement of the uniqueness and originality of each culture and traditions of the peoples of Kazakhstan. This is confirmed by the opinion poll. Thus, 75% of respondents believe that cultural and inter-ethnic dialogue is a guarantee of the preservation of cultural diversity in the country and condition of development for culture of the peoples of Kazakhstan, condition of tolerance in society.

        Another important element of the Kazakh model of tolerance is consent. The latter is based on certain proximity of cultural traditions and values principles of different layers of Kazakhstani society which worked out by single story. This values and principles are inherited by cultural heritage of the previous years of the joint cultural cooperation of the peoples in the form of succession and their centuries-old friendship. This social cohesion is based on the selection of a single target of subsequent cultural and inter-ethnic cooperation in the way of creation of a new sovereign Kazakhstan society. Social cohesion of the peoples of Kazakhstan is based on the social cooperation of all social actors, who live in one country, with common interests and values, needs and goals. The unity of goals of the country and the unity of the state, solidarity, cohesion, social and political stability, the legal order, social partnership and social sustainability are the main components of cooperation and cohesion. The ultimate goal of such agreement – is preservation of the integrity of the Kazakhstani society.

        Analysis of the ways and conditions for maintaining the integrity of Kazakhstan's society shows that his external factor includes peace in the world, outside political stability and well thought-out external policy. The internal factor includes the balance of social and political interests of all social groups and political parties of the society, the people of Kazakhstan, internal order and social compliance of elements of society in achieving this goal, the coherence of government action and development of social institutions. Reduction of the degree of corruption in the government, public and other institutions, absence of manifestations of tribalism at all levels, reduction of social and political conflicts and tensions in society are the foundation of establishment of harmony in Kazakhstan society. An important condition for maintaining social consensus is the actions of all subjects on the basis of respect for law order and life in accordance with the law, irrespective of social and material status.

        Presence of social protection of actors at all levels of social organization in society, their active involvement in social life, respect for the principles of equality and justice contributes to strengthening of stability and solidarity of society. Presence and formation of common traditions, norms and celebrations, social and cultural events in the community are played an important role in achieving harmony in society. These norms require the unity of action of all sections of the population irrespective of their status, ethnicity and religious. Common traditions, holidays, unifying socio-cultural and political events contributes to the formation of social cohesion and solidarity.

        Consequently, ethnic, social and cultural heterogeneity, the desire for stability of society are the basis for tolerance. Humanity can survive only on the basis of the principles of tolerance in contemporary pluralistic, multicultural world.

Person is not born as tolerant person, he becomes tolerant in the process of education, participation in intercultural and interethnic dialogue. Thus, Kazakhstan's conceptual model of tolerance is based on the consent and cooperation of cultures, ethnicities and religions, social communities and groups. The proximity of the cultural traditions of different backgrounds and value unity of society creates the preconditions for the formation of social cohesion as the characteristics of the Kazakhstan tolerance strategy. Consent is the deep foundation of increasing social integration (understood not as the absorption of some by others but, as a mutual enrichment, as well as the acquisition by the new system quality integrity), reducing the level of tension and conflict and contributing to the implementation of the principle of tolerance.

        Study the formation of the basis model of the Kazakhstan tolerance should be carried out by determination its components or types of tolerance. Following types of tolerance are accepted and provided: racial tolerance, everyday tolerance, gender tolerance, age and gerontology tolerance, ethnic tolerance, religious tolerance, cultural tolerance, social tolerance, political tolerance, educational tolerance, geographic tolerance, physiological tolerance, sexual-orientation and marginal tolerance:

1) gender (non-preconceived attitude to the representatives of the other sex; inadmissibility of the priori attribution of deficiencies to person of the opposite sex; lackof ideas of gender discrimination and sexism);

2) age (impartiality to the elderly and respect);

3) education (tolerant attitude to the statements and behavior of people with a lower level of education among highly educated people, and vice versa);

4) interethnic (relation to the representatives of various ethnic groups and cultures as equals, "without a sense of national superiority", ethnocentrism, xenophobia, aggressive nationalism);

5) racial (absence of prejudice, racial discrimination; racism towards people of another race);

6) religious (tolerant attitude towards people of other religion; no confessional intolerance, religious fanaticism);

7) geographic (non-prejudice to the residents of small or provincial towns, villages and other regions among capital's residents and vice versa);

8) social (adequate attitude to the representatives of different social groups and strata of the property – for example, the rich and the poor and vice versa);

9) physiological (tolerance to sick, persons with disabilities, with various deviations in health, etc.);

10) political (tolerance to activities of various parties and associations, to statements of their members and, consequently, an obstacle to spread of the ideology of fascism, totalitarianism, policies and practices of political repression);

11) sexual-orientation (non-judgmental towards people with different sexual orientation);

12) marginal (tolerance towards marginalized persons: the homeless, beggars, drug addicts, alcoholics, prisoners, etc.).

       Each type of tolerant is determined by the socio-cultural foundations, cultural and intercultural communication, intercultural competence and understanding of the problems in intercultural communication.

       One important component of Kazakhstan's model of tolerance is a daily tolerance. The idea of tolerance is not enough actual issue for public opinion and ordinary consciousness. In everyday life the idea of tolerance is often formed spontaneously in the context of communication, everyday behavior and activity in which people often have exercise of restriction for disturbing the rules of everyday communication and avoidance of conflicts. Tolerance is not sharp, vital and meaningful issue among students. Tolerance is often abstract concept for most of the students. The other part is very often finding it difficult for definition of this phenomenon. In many cases they demonstrate complete intolerance towards each other.

       Among the students of the University (KazNU al-Farabi) more or less close to scientific representation of concept and value meaning of this term take place. The possibility of obtaining such information on the principles of tolerance is acquired due to a number of disciplines, such as philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, political science, psychology. Many students have a full opportunity to view the history of formation of the ideas of tolerance as well as contribution of philosophers in the discussion of this problem. The majority of students believe that the observance of general rules of behavior, not paying attention to the "strange" and bad manners of some people in general allows avoid the conflict for their own safety.

       High prevalence of ordinary notions of tolerance can be noted. Ordinary notions of tolerance is understood as patience, forbearance, endurance, indifference to the behavior of others, communication with others, nonintervention in the situation which do not coincide with the concept and value of "duty". Thus, the word "tolerance" is implying an element of condescension and negative assessment of the phenomenon or property of person, his rights, which are reconciled with necessity or mercy. It is ordinary position in public opinion and in ordinary people's consсiousness.

        The main characteristics of the daily tolerance are patience, endurance or forbearance, indulgence to anyone or anything. This is – "practical recognition and respect for the beliefs and actions of others" [1]. Such kind of tolerance, occurring most often in everyday life, arises and develops as a compensatory mechanism of mitigation contradictions between irreconcilable ideological and world views positions [1]. Thus, tolerance is a distinct compensatory manipulative function. Tolerance as a strategy aimed to minimizing confrontational mood of people is aimed at reconciliation of social antagonists.

In general, in everyday life and practice of communication people is trying use and learn tolerance, forbearance with respect to the other. One of the aspects of this type of tolerance is the fact of manifestation of tolerance as outward tolerance. At same time, this kind of behavior, in fact, may be associated with the "conformism, social cowardice, lack of initiative, indifference or even contempt to the partners of interraction " (A. Sadokhin) [2].

Tolerance includes such forms of behavior which carried the idea of tolerance in respect not only of cultural deviance, but also a return to the patterns of behavior, moral sense which is associated with certain norms and rules as "specific" manifestation of human life, society or group as well as to the negative characteristics and survivals. Tolerance can be external, but demonstrated and internal (emotional) (A. Sadokhin) [2].

The most important type of tolerance is the ethnic tolerance. Kazakhstan model of tolerance includes in its structure ethnic tolerance as a difficult organized element. Value of interethnic harmony and stability are particular importance among the unifying values that inherited from the past. Value of interethnic harmony and stability represent the value basis of Kazakhstan's multi-ethnic society in conjunction with which possible to extend democratic values in Kazakhstan. Civil society should be formed on their basis.

        Kazakhstan has historical experience as a rich traditional culture, with values of tolerance and spiritual values. National-psychological features of the tolerance of the Kazakh people are determined their mentality, have an impact on the formation and development of social consciousness – the political consciousness and political culture, norms of activity. Dominant of traditionalist moral stereotypes of social activity took place. Positive changes can be achieved by passing the stage of formation independent subjects of public relations. Transition to new relationship is depended on the development of people. It is a natural process of history development. Study of bases of the culture of Kazakh is an important for understanding the formation of ethnic tolerance and understanding of tolerant nature of the Kazakhstan society.

         Tolerance is as an independent general valid value in Kazakh culture. Tolerance – is the ability to perceive views of other people and principles, if they are corresponding to moral requirements. It is expressed in the universal moral norms, voluntariness of their execution and responsibility for the results of actions. Such ethical determination presupposes determination by manners, meanings, goals of moral duty and responsible behavior. This specificity of the ethical bases of tolerance has been transformed into a modern culture of Kazakhstan. During the years of social and cultural transformations in the society gradually develops the ideas of multi-culturalism and multi-ethnicity.

       Modern Kazakh society is characterized by cultural diversity, both ethnically, linguistically and religiously. Ethnic groups who live together on the territory of Kazakhstan have positioned themselves as the people of Kazakhstan. On the one hand, this has obvious reasons. First, it is a historically constituted social reality which aiming at stability. There is a succession in the preservation and development of stable interethnic relations in Kazakhstan. Forms and levels of inter-ethnic and social stability is supported and developed in the period of independent development of the state.

Creation of independent State, the preservation of the state sovereignty, the development and expansion of trade and economic relations, international relations, creating conditions for the development of economic activities of large and medium-sized businesses, the creation of conditions for activation of small businesses is necessary objective conditions for the development of tolerance. All this factors creates conditions for a safe and peaceful co-existence and development of interethnic relations, strengthening the political, social and economic independence of the state.

        Second, conditions for the preservation of the original and unique culture of ethnic groups, for the preservation and development of languages are created over the last 20 years in the Kazakhstani society. In this regard, creation of ethnic-cultural centers, schools, and various cultural organizations are prescribed in cultural policy. The Kazakh society cultivates strategy of tolerance. Strategy of tolerance become a quality criterion of social and cultural relations, cognitive ideal, practical and existential motivation and a guide to action, as well as the most important sign of civilizational dynamics in recent years.

Literature

1. Ter-Minasova S.G. Jazyk i mezhkul"turnaja kommunikacija. – M., 2000.

2. Tolerantnoe soznanie i formirovanie tolerantnykh otnoshenijj (teorija i praktika): Sb. nauch.-metod. statejj. – M.: Izdatel"stvo MPSI; Voronezh: Izdatel"stvo «MODEHK», 2002.