PhD, Professor Dulambaeva R.T.

Askerbekova M.A.

Integration processes in Central Asia : Kazakhstan's role .

In modern conditions of international relations between the two countries are based on the extensive use of regional economic agreements - international agreements concluded by two or more States, located in a particular region for cooperation in specific areas.

Regional economic agreements are interstate in nature, there are between governmental and inter-agency and international legal point of view can be regulated:

in the form of contracts, defining the general principles of relations between states;

• - agreements providing for specific forms of cooperation;

• - conventions that define the principles of relations between states in any given special area, and others.

Regarding the consideration of economic integration as a process, in the course of economic theory, edited by MN Chepourin and EA Kiseleva integration is hard to understand the process of rapprochement and interpenetration of national economies of several countries, aiming at the creation of a single economic organism [1]. In our view, clearly the fact that international economic integration - a process of economic and political union of countries based on the development of deep, stable relationships and the division of labor between the national economies, the interaction of their production structures at various levels and in various forms. [2]

Hence, characterizing the international economic integration as a process, it must be assumed that the process of economic cooperation between the countries leads to the unification of economic mechanisms. At a higher level rises the process of socialization of production, and this requires organization and purposeful, systematic regulation of economic processes on the scale of integration associations.

In other words, all of this means the need to establish certain relationships, taking the form of international agreements and consistently regulated by intergovernmental bodies

For the current business regulation created councils, committees, commissions with participation of representatives of countries and specially designed machine. Interstate regulation, carried out on the basis of regional economic agreements aimed at creating a more favorable environment for the development of the productive forces in certain areas. The range of issues of regional integration is predetermined to find the most important and priority areas of cooperation in the entire system of international economic integration. There are different levels and scope of international economic integration: a planetary scale, the regional level, the level of firms.

The integration processes lead to the development of economic regionalism, in which separate groups of countries offer each other more favorable conditions for trade and sometimes for inter-regional and international movement of factors of production.

According to B. Balassa, integration - is the alignment of conditions for economic activity of market players, regardless of whether a resident of two or more States, united in the integration group, they are [3].

The objectives of regional economic integration [4]:

• - Take advantage of economies of scale by increasing market size, reducing transaction costs and removing the other benefits on the basis of the theory of scale economy.

• - Creating a favorable foreign environment by strengthening mutual understanding and cooperation of the countries involved in non-economic areas.

• - Preservation and maintenance of peace and security in the region and in the world.

• - The decision of trade policy objectives through negotiations for the trade policy, development of the concept of WTO accession and participation in other international trade organizations.

• - Promoting economic restructuring for more effective and efficient management

• - domestic support and protection of infant industries.

• - Promoting economic growth and employment.

International economic integration - a process of rapprochement and mutual adjustment of individual national economies through the development of deep, stable relationships and the division of labor between countries, inter-penetration of their reproductive structures in different forms and at different levels.

Integration - an objective necessity, associated with the further socialization of production and the internationalization of economic life [6].

Integration is the only true way of socio-economic and political development, and regional integration - this is the real key to the country's joining the global world economy. A consistent logical choice for the integration - Russia and Belarus. We have long-standing historical, cultural, economic, political ties, we share a common historical political and economic past. Kazakhstan Electricity goes to Russia, the oil goes through Russian transit Ekibastuz coal supplied to the Ural and Siberian plants ... Now these production relations come to a new level.

If you look back to the period of formation and development of independent Kazakhstan, we can see that this is not the first attempt of regional trade and economic integration.

After independence in the early 90-ies of all the former Soviet republics began to develop their own internal and external economic policies.

The President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, back in the mid 90-ies of the last century put forward the idea of a single economic space in the region. In the conditions of globalization of world economic relations issue is not - integrated or not, the question is - how and with which countries integrate.

In 1995, he formed the first Customs Union, which includes Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and in 1998 they were joined by Tajikistan.

As you know, there are successive logical stages of international regional economic integration:

• - The Free Trade Area, which will be free movement of goods and services.

• - The Customs Union, which applies the common external customs tariff and a unified customs territory.

• - General or single market, where there is also the free movement of capital and people.

• - The Economic Monetary Union, which is a single common currency in the participating countries.

• - The political alliance, or confederation of almost creating a single state, to this stage of integration has no regional block is not reached.

Targets have been developed, tasks, principles of organization. But in fact, the customs union still does not operate, it actually was not a customs union and a free trade zone, within which there were many problems. Accepted documents are not worked in practice, and lay down on the table. Countries have different levels of economic development, there is a conflict of interest. Kyrgyzstan in 1998, joined the WTO as a developed country and exacerbated the available contradictions. The union was not a unified customs tariff, that is, had different external tariffs, had a different method of calculation of VAT, excise duties are different, non-fulfillment of obligations, and so. D.

In 1994 it was created the Central Asian Economic Community, which includes Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. The purpose of this alliance was also the creation of a single economic space. In 1998 he joined to Tajikistan. But in fact, in this union there was no single economic space nor the Customs Union, or even a free trade zone.

In October 2000, the Agreement on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) was signed in Astana. This organization was created to effectively promote a customs union goals and objectives and a common economic space.

In 2006, the Customs Union 1, and the Central Asian Union joined the EurAsEC and ceased to exist as a separate economic blocs. And later originated the new Customs Union as the real product of the integration process in the EurAsEC.

Turning to today, we can say that the current Customs Union has all the opportunities for successful development and full implementation in practice, as already at the start of the three countries agreed on an external import customs tariff and in July launched already a single customs territory, where a single customs Code.

The legal basis of the CU become international treaties and agreements TC States Parties, it is based on the norms of international customs and trade law. Of course, there are both advantages and disadvantages for the participating countries, particularly Kazakhstan.

The main objectives of the CU Commission - the creation of conditions for free trade between Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus, as well as maintaining an equal trade policy with third countries. These are the two main functions of the Customs Union, which does not threaten our independence.

Competitive advantage, a favorable tax regime and simplification of procedures are the principal advantages of the Customs Union [7]. The Customs Union (CU) provides significant opportunities for domestic businesses by the abolition of customs barriers, the impressive expansion of the market, mutually benefits and preferences. And investors will attract many times the expanded alliance partner.
14-15 June 2001 adopted a Declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization ( SCO ) , which includes China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia , Tajikistan and Uzbekistan . Observers in the organization: India, Pakistan , Mongolia , Iran .

accession

partial acquisition

The predecessor of the SCO was the so-called "Shanghai Five" (Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China and Tajikistan), formed as a result of the signing of the Agreement on confidence-building in the military field in the border area (1996) and the Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions (1997 ). The convergence of these countries was dictated, first of all, the threat of the safety of their border areas from the main focus of instability in Central Asia - Afghanistan, where there was a civil war between the forces of the Northern Coalition and Taliban. The first of the two agreements were signed in Shanghai, which was the basis for the emergence of the term "Shanghai Five". Teamwork at the summits in Almaty (1998), Bishkek (1999), Dushanbe (2000) helped to create the atmosphere of what became known as the "Shanghai Spirit" - to develop a climate of mutual trust through the first experience of mutual consultation to come to a mechanism for consensus building and voluntary consent to perform the provisions of the agreements reached. Gradually, the range of issues has expanded to the spheres of foreign policy, the economy, the environment, including water resources, culture, and so on. D.

The main objectives of the SCO proclaimed maintaining and ensuring peace, security and stability in Central Asia, as well as the development of cooperation in political, trade-economic, scientific-technical, cultural, educational, energy, transport, environment and other fields. Another important document - the Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism, fixed the first time at the international level the definition of separatism and extremism as a violent prosecuted under criminal law acts. Its signing is due to China's worries about separatist speeches near the borders with Central Asia, home to the Uighurs - Turkic-speaking Muslims, lyayuschie popu-west China. Another no less interested country - Uzbekistan - has the largest population of all states

Central Asia and the most exposed to manifestations of separatism on the part of supporters of radical restoration in the region of an Islamic caliphate.

In June 2002, held the second meeting of heads of SCO member states in St. Petersburg, where the three documents were signed - Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Agreement between the SCO member states on the Regional Antiterrorist Structure and the Declaration of Heads of SCO member states.

SCO Forum was established at a meeting held in Moscow, MGIMO (University) MFA Russia on May 22-23, 2006 [5].

SCO Forum is a multilateral, public consultation and expert mechanism established to promote and scientific support for the activities of the SCO, promoting interaction research and poly-ontological centers of the SCO member states, joint research on topical issues of the terms of reference of the Organization, tasks explanations and principles of activity SCO and expanding its relations with scientific and social circles, as well as the promotion of exchanges between academics and experts in politics, security, economy, environment, new technologies, humanitarian and other fields of ob. Forum bases its activities on the basis of the principles of the SCO Charter, on the basis of the law and the Rules of the SCO member states. Forum works closely with the SCO Secretariat, the Council of National Coordinators, the foreign ministries of the Member States.

Some experts say as the two most obvious SCO problems too large divergence of interests between its members and the uncertainty as to its status due to the duplication of many of the SCO functions with the Organization of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), which includes four of the six SCO member states.

Thus, there are about 230 countries and over one hundred inter-state alliances in the world. The global economy characterized by the trend towards unification, which is especially evident in the modern conditions of internationalization, globalization and regionalization.

Kazakhstan is currently a member of many international and regional economic and political organizations such as the UN, IMF, World Bank, Evra, ZES, Customs Union, SCO, OSCE and others. Kazakhstan today under the leadership of President Nursultan Nazarbayev of the Republic has a policy of multi-vector integration.

Kazakhstan - a country open to cooperation and regional integration with neighboring states. Kazakhstan in the Central Asian region is the initiator and leader of all integration processes, ready for a constructive dialogue with regional and international political and economic partners.

Literature

1. Borisov EF, Volkov FM Basic economic theory: a tutorial, 1993. - S. 224.

2. Kireev International Economics. - 1998 -C. 361.

3. Aytzhanova J. Competitive Advantage, blagopri¬yatny tax regime and simplification of procedures - glav¬nye advantages of the Customs Union // Kazakhstanskaya Pravda 2010.

4. Alexander Lukin. Moscow. rodon.org/ seminar "Russia and China in the new international environment" (SCO). 09.10.2009