Экология/2.
Экологические и метеорологические проблемы больших городов и промышленных
зон
Bashkir State Agrarian
University, Russia
THE INFLUENCE OF FUEL AND ENERGY IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Air protection is a key problem of improving the natural
environment. Atmospheric air occupies a special position among the other
components of the biosphere. Atmospheric air performs complex environmental
protective function, protecting the Earth from absolute cold of Space and the
flow of solar radiation. In the atmosphere are the global meteorological
processes, formed the climate and the weather delayed a lot of meteorites.
The atmosphere has the ability to cleanse itself.
However, in modern conditions of the possibility of natural systems-purification
of the atmosphere has been seriously damaged. Under massive pressure from
anthropogenic pollution in the atmosphere began to show a very undesirable
environmental impacts, including global in nature (1,4).
The main pollutants (pollutants) in atmospheric air is
generated in the process of production and other human activities sulfur
dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (co) and particulate matter. They account for
about 98% of the total volume of emissions of harmful substances. In addition
to the main pollutants in the atmosphere of cities and towns is even more than
70 kinds of harmful substances, including formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride, lead
compounds, ammonia, phenol, benzene, carbon disulphide etc. However, the
concentrations of major pollutants (sulfur dioxide, etc.) most often exceed the
permissible levels in many cities of Russia.
Currently, the main contribution to pollution of
atmospheric air on the territory of Russia is made by the following sectors:
power (thermal and nuclear power plants, industrial and municipal boiler rooms,
etc.), further enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, oil and petrochemicals,
transport, metallurgy and construction materials.
In the process of burning solid or liquid fuel
released into the atmosphere smoke, containing products of complete (carbon
dioxi
de and water vapor) and incomplete (oxides of carbon,
sulfur, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, etc.) combustion. The amount of energy emission
is very high. Thus, modern power plant with a capacity of 2.4 million kW
consumes up to 20 thousand tons of coal per day and emits a day and 680 tons of
SO2 and SO3,120— 140 tons of particulate matter (ash, dust, soot), 200 tons of
nitrogen oxides.
The transfer of units to liquid fuel (fuel oil)
reduces emissions of ash, but almost does not reduce emissions of sulphur and
nitrogen oxides. Most ecological fuel gas, which is three times less polluting
atmospheric air than fuel oil, and five times less than coal.
Ufimskaya CHPP-1, the oldest heat and power plant of
the city of Ufa of Republic Bashkortostan. Part of the "Bashkir generating
company", as well as 3 other heating plants in the city. Ufimskaya CHPP-2,
performs industrial heating function provides heating to more than half of the
Ufa and the nearby industrial enterprises. Ufimskaya TPP-3 releases electrical
energy and heat energy in steam and hot water heating. The main steam consumers
are the enterprises of oil refining industry — JSC "Ufaorgsintez",
NOVOIL (Novo-Ufa refinery). Main fuel for CHP is natural gas, reserve fuel is
fuel oil. Also burned in CHP technology and associated gas from nearby
petrochemical complex. The main consumers of steam Ufimskaya CHPP-4, are enterprise
petrochemical industries JSC "Ufaneftehim",
Zatonskaya CHP (also Ufa CHPP-5) is under construction
in the city of Ufa of Republic Bashkortostan thermal power plant (combined heat
and power). The new plant will operate within the Bashkir energy system and the
unified energy system of Urals. The project installed electric capacity
Zatonskaya CHPP — 440 MW, thermal — 290 Gcal/h design fuel pipeline natural
gas.
Air pollution affects human health and on the
environment in various ways – from direct and immediate threats (smog etc.) to
slow and gradual destruction of various life-support systems of the body. In
many cases, air pollution violates the components of the ecosystem to such an
extent that the regulatory process is unable to return to their original state,
and as a result the homeostatic mechanisms fail.
Physiological effects on the human body the main
pollutants (pollutants) could have very serious consequences. Thus, the sulfur
dioxide combines with moisture to form sulfuric acid, which destroys the lung
tissue of humans and animals. Dust containing silicon dioxide (SiO2), causes
severe lung disease — silicosis. Nitrogen oxides irritate and erode the mucous
membranes of the eyes and lungs, are involved in the formation of toxic mist.
If they are in the air together with sulfur dioxide, there is a synergistic
effect, i.e. increased toxicity of the whole gaseous mixture.
Very adverse consequences that can affect a huge
amount of time associated with such low volume, emissions of lead,
benzo(a)pyrene, phosphorus, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, etc. They inhibit
hematopoietic system, cause cancer, reduce the body's resistance to infection,
etc.
Anthropogenic emissions of
pollutants in high concentrations and for extended periods of time causing
great damage not only to humans, but the rest of the biota. Famous cases of
mass poisoning of wild animals, especially birds and insects, the emission of
harmful pollutants high concentration (especially volley). In plants the
emission of harmful substances act directly on their green part, getting
through the stomata into the tissues, destroying chlorophyll and cell
structure, and via the soil — root system. Especially dangerous for plants
sulfur dioxide, under the influence of which stop photosynthesis and die many
trees, especially conifers: pine, spruce, fir, cedar.
Literature
1. The regulation and reduction of environmental pollution:
a textbook for bachelors / M. M. Redina, A. Khaustov, P.; Russian University of
friendship of peoples. - Moscow : Yurayt, 2015. - 431 p.
2.Ecological bases of nature/ V. V. Denisov, E. S.
Kulakova, I. A. Denisov.- Rostov n/D:Phoenix, 2014.- 456.
3. State report on the state of environment of
Bashkortostan in 2015 /the Ministry of natural resources and environment of
Bashkortostan.- Ufa, 2016.-217с.
4. Zalmanov A. S., Leont'eva, T. L. Environmental
certification. In the book: a Student of agricultural science proceedings of
the IV all-Russian student conference. 2010. P.213.