Master of Economics and Business Bissenova R.A.

Kyzylorda State University Korkyt Ata, Kazakhstan

Non-deposit funding sources of banking operations

To non-deposit resources attracting sources include: Obtaining of loans in the interbank market; An agreement about selling securities with the inverse repurchase; Accounting of bills and obtaining of loans from the central bank; Sale of bankers' acceptances; Issue of commercial paper.

Own credit resources, commercial banks able to replenish their through resources of other banks, ie at the expense of interbank loan (IBC). Besides benefit from the placement of funds, banks and lenders have an opportunity of establishing business partnerships. Attraction (accommodation) free resources can take place not directly, but with the participation of an intermediary (brokerage houses, other banks, finance houses, credit stores, etc.).

Interbank loans (IL) - are credits granted by some banks to other banks.

With Interbank loans banks can expeditiously manage their liquidity, quickly raise funds secured when needed or be placed temporarily free credit resources.

The main object interbank crediting are the gap in payment transactions.

Such loans are generally have short term in nature. The most active interbank market operators are banks-dealers acting on its behalf and for his own expense. Their income - interest margin, the difference between rates accomodation and raise funds. The banks receive the standard information (current market price, conditions and so on.) As well as a certain a toolkit for making transactions.

Income of operating systems consists of commissions and subscription fees settlement participants.

Interbank market has a number of features: by market participants are all acting banks; The market is focused on the use of counter payments; The market is characterized by high liquidity; The market is mobile and assumes prompt decision-making of each transaction counterparties; Sudden changes in interest rates.

The mechanism of transactions in the interbank market. Credit transactions are concluded on the basis of the general agreement about the general conditions of operations in the domestic and monetary markets, without security how unsecured credits

Interest on interbank loans are quite high and are formed on the conditions of supply and demand, and also depend on the refinancing rate and level of inflation. Repayment interbank loan is carried out by one lump sum (with interest) at the end of the loan term.

Creation of interbank authority - of the electronic exchange of credit resources - would allow the combine the interests sellers and buyers of credit resources, at any time, have information about the state of the interbank market.

Bank consortium are created for implementing on jointly basis the credit, guarantee or other large-scale credit and financial operations. By achievement of the purpose a consortium ceases its activities or enters into another contract.

By achievement of the purpose a consortium ceases its activities or enters into another contract.

The activities of the consortium is based on principles joint participation financing of announced works and material responsibility on their implementation.

Borrowers may be all business entities engaged in commercial activities of the company, including commercial banks and the state.

In case of if the client needs to use the loan, the bank for a certain period can provide the borrower credit at the stipulated conditions. The part of the credit which the client did not use, is accrued reduced interest rate.

Term loans - credit is given for a fixed term with a clearly defined repayment schedule.

Revolving credit - diversity of timing of extending credit is combined to fixed repayment periods.

Transferable credits - credits that can be sequentially sold to other banks.

Multicurrency credit - any form of credit, containing multicurrency component of (for example, does not coincidence of currency in which the loan was provided with the currency in which the credit has to be repaid).

Consortium credit is not a singular type of loan, so it is granted on usual conditions on the basis of the commercial interests of the borrower and the creditor (the consortium).

Relations on loan of consortia suggests conclusion the following contracts: Consortium; Credit; The contract of pledge or guarantee.

The initial contract is a consortium agreement.

There are fixed the fact of creation of the consortium, its objectives, participants, defined by a consortium participating in a credit transaction - quota of resources, order management of consortia (it may be one or more banks), duties and rights of members of the consortium.

The duties of the organizers of the consortium include: Processing the of all aspects of the transaction; Harmonization of all stakeholders and its legal registration.

Credit relations between each participant of the consortium and the borrower are governed by a standard credit agreement.

Thus, crediting of the borrower is based on:

- the credit contract;

- agreement to the contract of bank account (overdraft);

- Treaty on the opening a credit line, renewable (revolver) and non-renewable;

- The general agreement on opening a credit line (framework) and individual credit agreements;

- Consortium contract.

Standards of the formation of the credit portfolio are an important tool for the realization of a conservative approach to the management of credit portfolio. The basic components of such standards are as follows: Rules for risk-taking; Credit limits; Priorities for the portfolio formation.

Rules taking risks are the criteria for solving the dilemma of "risk - profitability" and structural requirements for individual loans relating to certain areas of of risk. These rules are reflected in the Regulation NB RK concerning the formation order and use of special reserve for potential losses from doubtful debts.

Establishment of lending limits - one of the ways to control the formation of the credit portfolio that is used to reduce the risks. This allows banks to avoid losses from ill-considered critical concentration of any type of risk; to diversify its loan portfolio in order to reduce the concentration and provide a stable income.

Usually there are: Sectoral limits; Limits on the countries; Limits on the borrowers; Limits on the kinds of currency; Limits on terms of maturity; Limits on the type of ensuring.

An important role in the management of credit portfolio plays a credit monitoring and controlling of quality the credit portfolio. Process of credit monitoring should build on credit analysis and its purpose is to track changes in the borrower's creditworthiness and determine what need to be taken in case of problems.

As soon as a loan is granted, the bank should consistently monitor its quality. The key point of this procedure is to maintain close contact with the client for obtaining operational information and its timely analysis of.

Analytical techniques used in credit analysis, is used and in monitoring to track the dynamics of indicators and analysis of changes in creditworthiness. Liquidity, financial structure, profitability must be the subject of ongoing analysis.

The structure of the loan shall be determined in accordance with the credit agreement so as to the bank was able to localize the negative effects in case of problems. The loan agreement, as such, is one of the key tools used in monitoring.

For managing the process of monitoring is necessary to develop and apply risk classification system for ranking the quality of their loans at least once a quarter. This ranking system will help identify problem areas, as well as to plan, coordinate, implement other procedures aimed at protecting the interests of the bank in case of deterioration of the creditworthiness of the borrower.

Ranking of Credits is called by method systematic and objective classification of the loan portfolio in accordance with the characteristics of quality and risk.

The main purpose of the ranking are to improve of quality credit portfolio by means: Use of warning signals in advance about the possible insolvency of the borrower; Operational structuring of management information; The definition of standards for the determination of liability limits.

The most important factors, in accordance with which is carried out ranking of the credits, is the state of reporting, information about state of business and of client accounts, relationships with customers, availability of ensuring.

Literature

1. Челноков В.А. Банки и банковские операции: Букварь кредитования. Технологии банковских ссуд. Околобанковское рыночное пространство: Учеб. для вузов/ В.А. Челноков. 2-е изд. перераб.М: Высш.школа, 2004, 291 с.

2. Финансы и кредит: Учебное пособие/ Под ред.проф. А.М. Ковалевой.-М.: Финансы и стаитсика. 2004. 512 с.

3. Деньги Кредит Банки Ценные бумаги для студентов вузов. Серия «Шпаргалки». Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2004. – 461 с.