Kuzurman M. V., Candidate of Biological Sciences Sultangazina G. Zh.

A. Baytursynov Kostanay state university, Kazakhstan

The eco- coenotic analysis of ferns of the State National Park "Burabai"

Identification and studying of flora of any territory has a huge value as under the influence of the amplifying adverse factors there are global changes in the environment. First of all it depends on activity of a human being.

Distribution of types across the territory occupied by them intimately is bound to its eco-coenotic conditions.

The massif of Burabai is characterized by existence of the most various habitats such as sands developed in the field of deltas of hollows of an ancient drain, both gravelly and rocky outcrops, and the salted areas, and also a large number of fresh and salty lakes, steppes on chestnut and black soils. All these features define diversity of ecological structure of flora of this territory.

During the period from 2010 to 2014 we surveyed the territory of the State National Park "Burabai".

During floristic survey the detailed and route method in combination with method of selective tests of concrete, local florae which allowed to study information on specific structure of the surveyed territories and to reveal (or to specify) an eco-coenotic belonging of the higher plants was applied. There was an attempt to examine all the ecotopes.

According to the research results the eco-coenotic analysis of the ferns found in the territory of the park was carried out on the bases of four ecological factors: humidity, soil fertility, irradiating and relation to a substratum.

Availability of moisture traditionally belongs to the most important ecological indexes for plants [1].

Figure 1 – Distribution of ferns in relation to humidification

According to figure 1 considerable proportion of ferns of the national park are the plants growing in conditions of sufficient and excess humidification.

Table 1 – Range of ecological groups on humidification

hygrophytes	mesophytes	xerophytes
Thelypteris palustris	Polypodium vulgare	Pteridium aquilinum
Athyrium filix-femina	Cystopteris fragilis	Asplenium septentrionale
	Gymnocarpium dryopteris	Gymnocarpium jessoense
	Matteuccia struthiopteris
	Woodsia ilvensis
	Dryopteris carthusiana
	Dryopteris filix-mas
	Dryopteris cristata
%, of total number
15	62	23

Mesophilic pteridoflora has the biggest percentage. 8 species of ferns belong to mezofit group that made 62% of all ferns in the park. The large number of lakes in the studied territory caused the development of habitats with the increased, congestive humidification: two species of ferns belong to gigrofit group that made 15% of total number of found ferns. The quantity of kserofit makes 3 species, i.e. 23% of total number of ferns (see Table 1).

Figure 2 – Distribution of ferns in relation to feeding

According to figure 2 in relation to richness of the soil there are eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic plants among ferns of the park [2].

Table 2 – A range of ecological groups in relation to feeding

Eutrophic plants	Mesotrophic plants	Oligotrophic plants
Thelypteris palustris	Polypodium vulgare	Pteridium aquilinum
Gymnocarpium dryopteris	Asplenium septentrionale	Woodsia ilvensis
Matteuccia struthiopteris	Athyrium filix-femina
	Cystopteris fragilis
	Gymnocarpium jessoense
	Dryopteris carthusiana
	Dryopteris filix-mas
	Dryopteris cristata
%, of total number
23	62	15

The group of mesotrophic plants includes the greatest number of fern species (8 species) that makes 62% of total number. Eutrophic plants amount to 23% (3 species); and oligotrophic plants make 15% (2 species) of total number of found ferns (see Table 2).

In accordance with figure 3 there are heliophyte, hemisciophyte and sciaphyte among ferns of national park in relation to irradiating.

Figure 3 – Distribution of ferns in relation to sun light

The greatest number of ferns is shade-enduring species. We found 6 fern species of this ecological group that made 46%. There were 2 species of photophilous ferns makes 15%. 39% (5 species) of total number of the ferns found in this territory fall to the share of sciaphyte (see Table 3).

Table 3 – A range of ecological groups in relation to irradiating

Ecological groups
Heliophyte	Hemisciophyte	Sciaphyte
Thelypteris palustris	Polypodium vulgare	Athyrium filix-femina
Gymnocarpium jessoense	Pteridium aquilinum	Cystopteris fragilis
	Asplenium septentrionale	Gymnocarpium dryopteris
	Matteuccia struthiopteris	Dryopteris carthusiana
	Woodsia ilvensis	Dryopteris filix-mas
	Dryopteris cristata
%, of total number
15	46	39

The analysis of floro-coenotic structure of flora allowed allocating the following eco-coenotic groups: forest, marsh and petrophyte. On the basis of supervision and geobotanical descriptions every specie was carried to one group.

Figure 4 – Dispersal of ferns according to eco-coenotic groups

According to figure 4 the largest eco-coenotic group is petrophyte group. Total number of rocky ferns is 6 species (46%). They are: Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium septentrionale, Cystopteris fragilis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Gymnocarpium jessoense, Woodsia ilvensis.

Table 4 – Dispersal of eco-coenotic groups of plants in relation to irradiating

Irradiating	Eco-coenotic group
	forest	petrophyte	marsh
Heliophyte		Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz.	Thelypteris palustris Schott
Hemisciophyte	Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod	Polypodium vulgare L. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br.
Sciaphyte	Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott	Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman	Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.

Practically all these types are shade-enduring, shade-loving, mesophytic and xerophytic plants, except for Gymnocarpium jessoense which prefers habitats with the sufficient level of irradiating and grows mostly under rocks and in shady cracks of granite rocks of mountains the Sinukha and Zheke Batyr, along streams Tas-Bulak and Imanay, and also in vicinities of lakes Maloe Chebachye, Lebyazhie, Maloe Karasu and the drying-up river Arykpai (see Table 4). 4 species (Polypodium vulgare, Cystopteris fragilis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Woodsia ilvensis) are mesophytes, and two species (Asplenium septentrionale, Gymnocarpium jessoense) are capable to bear the considerable lack of humidity - a soil and an atmospheric drought, i.e. they are xerophytes (see Table 5). The considerable proportion of these ferns are belong to soils with average security with mineral elements (Polypodium vulgare, Asplenium septentrionale, Cystopteris fragilis, Gymnocarpium jessoense), one specie (Gymnocarpium dryopteris) is widespread mainly on fertile soils and only Woodsia ilvensis needs a small amount of foodstuff (see Table 6).

Table 5 – Dispersal of eco-coenotic groups of plants in relation to humidification

Humidification	Eco-coenotic group
	Forest	Petrophyte	Marsh
Hygrophytes	Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Koidz.		Thelypteris palustris Schott
Mesophytes	Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray	Polypodium vulgare L Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br.	Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.
Xerophytes	Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Dryopteris filix- mas (L.) Schott	Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.)

The territory of State National Park "Burabai" is characterized by the development of various forest communities that causes the prevailing of forest eco-coenotic group. The pine woods grow here at day stone of granites. Besides and the boggy birch woods which are found along streams and in hollows of lakes are interesting and various. [3]. 5 types of ferns belong to a forest eco-coenotic group (Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium filix-femina, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Dryopteris filix-mas, Dryopteris cristata) that makes 39% (see Figure 4). These species of ferns do not demand intensive irradiating and have a wide ecological amplitude; in relation to humidification they belong to the pine birch woods in vicinities of lakes Lebyazhie, Maloe Karasu, along the Imanayevsky stream, and also on slopes of mountains and the Sinukha and Zheke-Batyr. Thus, 3 species (Pteridium aquilinum, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Dryopteris cristata) are shade-enduring plants, and Athyrium filix-femina and Dryopteris filix-mas grow in conditions of low illuminating intensity and do not bear the full irradiating (see Table 4). 2 species (Matteuccia struthiopteris, Dryopteris cristata) grow in the conditions of an average (i.e. sufficient, but not exuberant) humidifications, Pteridium aquilinum and Dryopteris filix-mas are capable to bear the considerable lack of humidity - a soil and atmospheric drought, Athyrium filix-femina is hygrophyte (see Table 5). Forest ferns are widespread mainly on fertile soils and belong to soils with an average security with mineral elements, except for Pteridium aquilinum which needs a trace amount of mineral elements in the soil. Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina and Dryopteris cristata are mesotrophic plants, Matteuccia struthiopteris – eutrophic plants (see Table 6).

Table 6 – Dispersal eco-coenotic groups of ferns in relation to feeding

Feeding	Eco-coenotic group
	Forest	Petrophyte	Marsh
oligotrophic plants	Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn	Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br.
mesotrophic plants	Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray	Polypodium vulgare L Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Gymnocarpium jessoense (Koidz.) Koidz.	Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H.P.
eutrophic plants	Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod	Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman	Thelypteris palustris Schott

Marsh eco-coenotic group includes species growing on the sphagnum bogs and also in pine and birch swamp-subor. Bogs within Bohr mountain forest area meet on coast of the growing lakes Svetloe, Karasie, Schuchie, Borovoe, Maloe Chebachye, besides in boggy flood plains of streams Tasbulak and Imanayevsky [3]. 15% of total number of species of ferns fall to the share of marsh eco-coenotic group (see Figure 4). Dryopteris carthusiana and Thelypteris palustris concern to them. These types fall into to photophilous and shade-loving plants. Thus, Thelypteris palustris grows better and develops at the full illuminating intensity (see Table 4), and the ecological optimum of Dryopteris carthusiana is in the area of weak illuminating intensity. Dryopteris carthusiana and Dryopteris cristata grow in the conditions of an average (i.e. sufficient, but not exuberant) humidification (see. Table 5), prefer fertile soils (Thelypteris palustris) and average amount of mineral elements (Dryopteris carthusiana) (see Table 6).

Literature:

1. Лархер В. Экология растений М.: Мир 1978 г. 283-324c.

2. Горышина Т.Н. Экология растений уч. Пособие для ВУЗов, Москва, В. школа, 1979г. 63-102с.

3. Султангазина Г.Ж. Флора национального природного парка «Бурабай» / Г.Ж. Султангазина, И.А. Хрусталева, А.Н. Куприянов, С.М. Адекенов; отв.ред. А.Н. Куприянов; Рос. Акад. Наук, Сиб. отд-ние, Ин-т экологии человека [и др.]. – Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2014. – 242 с. ил. ISBN 978-5-7692-1381-6