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CHANGES IN SPECIES COMPOSITION OF PLANTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN THE SHRUB-GRASSLAND BELT ZAILIYSKY ALATAU

Auzhanova Nazgul
Prof. ZhSU named after I.Zhansugurov, Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan

     nasqul@mail.ru     

 

Nature of Zailiysky Alatau unique and inimitable.  It was first investigated by P.P. Semenov-Tien Shan (1867) [3], and later the most complete description of the vegetation was done by academics, N.V. Pavlov (1940, 1948) [6], M.G. Popov (1940), N.I. Rubtsov (1950), B.A. Bykov (1950) [3]. Due to urbanization, the once lush and rich vegetation of  Zailiysky Alatau in recent decades inexorably decreasing  [1]. Impact of human activities on the change in the floristic composition of plant shrub-forb zone of Zailiysky Alatau at a height of 1300 m above sea level, was conducted during 2000-2010 years together with the Horticulture Department of Kazakh State Agrarian University.

The aim of our observations was to assess the variation in the species composition of plants as a result of human activities.

Climatic conditions of the steppe zone of foothill, where our observations were carried out according to the weather station Talgar (1015 m above sea level) and Kamenskoe plateau (1350 m above sea level) were relatively close.

Observations were conducted at five sites in zones mentioned above by the standard methods [4].

1.                 At the first station after a single fall plowing is not carried out any economic activities. The plot further has not been touched by man.

2.                 In the second section, after autumn plowing is conducted annually mowing.

3.                 In the third section produced disposable seeding a Transcaucasian  sainfoin (Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh.), followed by annual mowing hay.

4.                 In the fourth section with the meadow and herbs landed shelterbelt, consisting of elm pinnatoramosa (Ulmus pinntoramosa). Is also being undertaken the annual mowing.

5.                 The fifth site was chosen very carefully. It was a natural piece of land previously not subjected to too much human activity, but where often been collected herbs, flowers by tourists. This site was blocked and thus isolated from the influence of anthropogenic factors during the entire study period.

On the second, third and fourth sections of grass mowing conducted once annually in the last week of June, the flowering period of the main types of herbs.

For sowing, in the third section used the Transcaucasian sainfoin (Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh.). Sowing was performed manually based on 1 ha 6-7 kg scheme as 7 * 20cm in April, at a pre-prepared soil.

The result of many years of observing experimental plots showed as follows.

At the first station after plowing, the first year in a mass form, without human intervention, have grown, thistle serrulate (Cirsium serrulatum) alatvsky spurge (Euphorbia alatavica), and partly bluegrass (Poacea). Then, on the second and subsequent years the entire area began to gain bluegrass (Poacea): alatavskaya fescue (Festuca alatavica), bluegrass ordinary (Poa trivialis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecúrus praténsis), cocksfoot (Dáctylis glomeráta), Calamagrostis dioecious (Calamagrostis dioica), and others. Also Weeds: nettle (Urtíca dióica), dandelion ordinary (Taráxacum officinále), sagebrush near Belen (Artemisia albida). In the fourth year butterfly (Poacea) completely conquer this site. 5-7 years are already beginning to appear single plant succession tripartite (Bídens tripartíta), Oregano (Oríganum vulgáre), elecampane rough (Lnula aspora).

On the second site in the first year also grew plentifully: thistle serrulate (Cirsium serrulatum), and spurge alatavsky (Euphorbia alatavica), rarely-bluegrass. In the second year thistle serrulate () is isolated individuals, but gaining strength bluegrass (Poacea) and Weeds: yellow lucerne (Medicago falcata L), agrimony Asian (Agbimania asiatica), red clover (Trifolium praténse), dandelion ordinary (Taráxacum officinále).

In consequence years here have met Common chicory (Cichórium íntybus), Echium vulgare (Échium vulgáre), Melissa officinalis (Melissa officinalis), horse sorrel (Rúmex confértus), or mallow mallow forest (Malva silvestris L.), red clover (Trifolium praténse), mother and stepmother (Tussilágo fárfara).

The data which we obtained in the third section are displayed in Table I.

Table 1

Changes in the number of basic species data (in% by weight)

The species composition of plants

 

Years

the Transcaucasian sainfoin

bluegrass

other thistle denticulate

2000

94,5

3,3

2,2

2001

92,7

4,6

2,7

2002

90,4

6,8

2,8

2003

84,2

12,1

3,7

2004

50,1

34,4

15,5

2005

30,8

51,4

17,8

2006

15,6

62,0

22,4

2007

3,8

73,0

23,2

2008

2,2

74,6

23,2

2009

1,1

75,4

23,5

2010

0,5

76,2

23,3

 

Results of the fourth embodiment shows that the first four years the species composition remained almost unchanged consisted mainly of bluegrass (Poacea).

5-6, in connection with shading and quickly planted elms razrosschihsya pinnately branched (Ulmus pinnato-ramosa), due to the closing crowns under their canopy, began to appear boligolv spotted (Conium maculatum L.), Small Balsam (Impátiens parviflóra).

 On the site of the fifth embodiment in the initial period of the dominant vegetation, typical of the area and only on the first 9-10 years, there are species that was not there before: a series of tripartite (Bídens tripartíta), Oregano (Origanum vulgare), St. John's wort (Hypéricum perforátum), meadow geranium (Geránium praténse), iris Sogdian (Iris sogdiana).

According to the results of the study, the following conclusions.

1.                 The natural self-regulation is observed even after a single human intervention, and, precisely, autumn plowing. After the annual mowing depleted species composition, as there is no seed reproduction and remain only species breeding rhizomes and root suckers.

2.                 Without reinforcements seeding valuable fodder crops - esparcet Transcaucasian (Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh), it is displaced, mostly bluegrass (Poacea) and other low value in forage species, and in low-light mode and the accompanying annual mowing observed displacement bluegrass (Poacea) Shade tolerance, to as toxic: they are not eaten by cattle.

3.                 For the natural replenishment of rare and endangered species need such a reserve site that would serve as a kind of genetic fund of plants. During every 3-5 km such sites should be fenced where strictly prohibited to any human activity, to be able to restore the natural species snogoobraziya plants. This should facilitate the efficient use of land, preservation and multiplication of plant resources, and environmental improvement.

Literature:

1.                 Arystanbekova Kh.A., Brainin V.M., Egorenkov S.P., Besschetnov P.P., The Nature and we. – Almaty: Kainar, 1975.

2.                 Baitenov M.S. The world of rare plants. – Almaty: Kainar, 1986.

3.                 Bykov B.A. The world of biocenosis. – Almaty: Nauka, 1980.

4.                 Dospehov B.A. Technique of field experience – M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.

5.                 The red book of Kazakh SSR. Rare and endangered species of animals and plants. – Almaty: Nauka, 1978.

6.                 Pavlov N.B. Botanical geography. – Almaty, 1948.