History/ 2. General History

Turezhanova S.A, Ph.D., docent

Nurusheva A. Undergraduate

Kostanai State University named after A.Baitursynov

Role of the formational and civilizational approach in historical knowledge

For a long time in the domestic literature and science, there was only one approach to the consideration and study of the past of mankind. According to him, the whole development is obeyed the changes of the economic structure. This theory was proposed and justified by Karl Marx.

But today more and more often history is considered by the point of view of boarder range of development factors, combining together the formational and civilizational approaches to the history of the origin and development of the human race. This phenomenon has many explanations, but the most important of them says that Marx's theory is one-sided and does not take into consideration many factors and historical information that can not be ignored in the study of such a multifaceted phenomenon, as a society.

This phenomenon has many explanations, but the most important of them says that Marx's theory is one-sided and does not take into consideration many factors and historical information that can not be ignored in the study of such a multifaceted phenomenon, as a society. Formational and civilizational approaches are based in their adherence to the following factors: formational is based on economic development and ownership; civilization takes into account all the elements of life, ranging from religious and ending the relationship "individual - the power" [1]. It should be noted that as such a common concept in the civilizational approach is not developed. Each researcher also takes into account only one or two factors. Thus, Toynbee identifies sixteen types of society, based on the development of society in a single territory from its inception to the peak and decline. In contrast to him, Walt Rostow identifies only 5 of civilizations, in which the emphasis is on the ratio of "population - consumption", the highest of which is the state of mass consumption. As can be seen from the latter theory, the formation and civilization approaches often overlap with each other, that does not seem strange. This situation is due to the fact that they are all characterized by social history with only one viewpoint.

Thus, both formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society can not fully reveal its emergence and development at all stages, based solely on one method.

Thus, the most complete of them presents a theory of formations Marx and Toynbee's theory of civilizations. The majority of researchers recently more and more inclined to think that if we combine the key parameters of these concepts, the formational and civilizational approaches able to fully justify why the development of science, economy, culture and other spheres of social life went on in the way that can be traced through the pages of history.

The above is due to the fact that Marx's theory of the 5 stages (formations) of people based mainly on the type of economy and development tools. Toynbee theory effectively complements it, revealing the social, religious, cultural, scientific and other factors. It is worth noting that in the early stages Toynbee focus more precisely the religious component, and this was conditioned by their opposition.

Over time, the situation has changed, and today formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society divided only conditionally. It should be noted that these methods of understanding history as there are flaws and virtues. Thus, the theory of formations has a detailed study of all aspects of the five stages of the economic history of any community.

The disadvantage is the one-sided understanding of the processes arising in the states (namely their studies Marx's theory), which is expressed in the fact that the subject for the study were identified only country in Europe. Experience Slavic states, Arab, American and African world not taken into account. About as one factor built his judgment and "father" of the theory of civilizations Toynbee.

Formational and civilizational approaches to the history of human development at the moment opposed to what is fundamentally wrong. This research relates to methods of improving society essentially leaves no room to consider the most in-depth all the processes taking place in society. So in order to prevent the formation of white spots should be used formational and civilizational approaches simultaneously.

literature

1.Marks K., Engels F. Compositions: 37 tome. - M .: Nauka, 1972. - T. 7. - P. 345

2.Toynbee, Study of History: Collection / Trans. from English. E.D. Zharkov. - M .: Rolf, 2001. - 640