Систематика и география высших растений
Doctor of biology
Tazabekova E.T., master of biology Amirasheva B.K., master of biology
Spankulova G.A.,
Kazakh national pedagogical university
named after Abay,
The Republic of Kazakhstan
Seytmenbetova A.T
Kazakh scientific research
institute of soil science and agro chemistry named after Ospanova, The Republic
of Kazakhstan
Doctor of agriculture Eleshov
R.E., candidate of biology Elikbaeb B.K
Kazakh national agrarian
university, The Republic of Kazakhstan
Phytocenosis of replontozem generated on loess rocks of
foothills of Zailiski Alatau
Wide development of the agriculture southeastwardly of Kazakhstan is
promoted the implication under irrigation considerable territories the foothills
of plains with complicated
relief.
As a result of
planning work and development of the water erosion considerable areas of tillage lost the upper humus layer and day surface is outcropped the parent
soil-forming rock – loess and loess-like loams.
Reproduction and rising of the fecundity of the anthropogenic disturbed lands
are actual
problem nowadays.
A group of scientists Kazakh National agrarian university under the leadership of professor Т. Tazabekov has been
studying methods of restoration of soil cover and reproduction of fecundity of disturbed lands of irrigated areas in the
south-east of Kazakhstan since 1967 [1,2,3,4].
The technology of acceleration of the reproduction of fecundity of soil-forming rocks (loess) are developed including introduction of
mineral and organic fertilizers, sowing of perennial plants.
Our exploration is the
logical continuation of the indicated above of the research. They are directed to the research of the process of loess rocks syngenesis
foothills of Zailiski Alatau.
The test subject is loess (parent soil-forming rock of dark chestnut
soil foothills of Zailiski Alatau) left for
natural overgrowing of vegetation , after the biologic melioration.
In accordance with
old classification of soil in Russia explored loess and loess - like rocks relating
to immature soils or soil-forming rocks. According to the new classifications
they are related to the group of quasisems and
to the subgroup of replantozem. Quasisems are presented humic formation similar
with the soil that is soil like formation. Replantosems are segregated in the
range of the groups’ quasisems. (term of I.A. Krupenikova, B.P.Podimov) and
present created formation purposefully (lands, reclaiming, essentially for
agricultural usage ) which are characterized position of the humic layer on the preliminary
prepared (usually planned) surface of disturbed material including made group
[5].
Field observations
of the process
syngenesis of loess are carried out in the condition of model experiment are filled test standard of
S.A.Zaharov in department of Talgar after named "Agro university" of Kazakh National agrarian
university. We have chosen variants of experiment: 1) the loess, since (1971), 2)
the straw (20 ton /hectare), 3) the straw (60 ton /hectare), 4) the biohumus (9 ton /hectare), 5) the biohumus (27 ton /hectare), 6) the manure
(19, 7
ton / hectare) for the research.
Definition and accounting of species of
phytocenosis, phonological observations composition are in classical method of field and stationary geobotanical exploration accepted in modern ecology.
Phytocenosis of replantozem are characterized
by the 31 species of plants, which related to 13 family: Poaceae Barnhart, Fabaceae Lindl., Asteraceae Dumort,
Plantaginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaсеае J. St. Hill.,
Brassicaceae Burnett, Rosaceae, Guttiferae Juss., Lamiaceae Lindl., Cuscutaceae, Umbelliferae
Juss, Boraginaceae Juss.
Analysis of replantozem phytocenosis indicatives of the variety composed of gramineous plants association. So in the family
Poaceae Barnhart are
found the most characteristic for chernozem, dark chestnut soil of steppe and dry steppe
zone the next species of plants: Agropyron repens (L.) P.B., Bromus secalinus L., Avena fatua L., Dactylis glomerata L., Poa bulbosa L. In the family of Fabaceae
Lindl we
have the next species: meadow
clover, Trifolium
pratense L., Lathyrus tuberosus L., Medicago sativa L., and Melilotus
officinalis (L.) Ders.
In the family of Asteraceae Dumort are widely
presented Cichorium
intybus L. different species of Artemisia serotina Bge., Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia absinthium L. and others (picture
1).
As you see in the
graphic presentation of the structural composition of the phytocenosis from all
found families major number belong to the Asteraceae Dumort. 11 species of
plants are referred to that is 36 % of general number. In the second place is
the family of Poaceae Barnhart, in which
presented 5 species (17%), in the third place is Fabaceae Lindl., including 4
species (14%). The rest family of Plantaginaceae, Convolvulaceae,
Euphorbiaсеае J. St. Hill.,
Brassicaceae Burnett., Rosaceae, Guttiferae Juss., Lamiaceae Lindl., Cuscutaceae, Umbelliferae Juss., Boraginaceae Juss are characterized species of minor
numbers and have in its composition of more one or two species of plants
(3-6%).
Picture 2 – structural composition of phytosenosis replontosem
of Zailiski Alatau in the syngenesis process (%)
Experimental information
characterize all composition of the phytosenosis replontosem of Zailiski Alatau
in the syngenesis process in the whole station expressed in the picture 1.
In the current of condition tense ecological
situation takes the first place of biological meliorations of the humic lands. Widespread
from them are sowing of perennial plants, applying organically (the manure, the
straw) and perspective bioorganically
(biohumic) fertilizers which are ecological safe in contrast to mineral
fertilizers (N, P, K) and characterized more permanent effect. It is connected
that they are increasingly influences to potential (humic, absorbing capacity, gross
reserve of nutrient) than effective fecundity
of the soil.
Thereupon to our
mind definite theoretical experimental information in syngenesis of
vegetation in the condition natural
transformation of the replontozem in zone soil. In the condition of our
research the result of biological melioration of loess to vegetarian we have
discovered some differences in species richness of phytosenosis. It
characterizes general number of species in association. General number of
species of the plants in phytosenosis of the replontozem in variants of the experiment
changes slightly and differs in the range between 16 to 24 species. Out of 31
species of plants composing phytosenosis of the replontozem least number of the
species (16) are found out in variants with biohumic 9 ton per hectare that
indicates of it’s as compared with other variants approximation to climax
state. In variants where biological effect of melioration of loess are studied
and formed tendency to the increase of the special variety (between 20-24
species of the plants). In whole in the variants of the experiment the falling
of the phytosenosis descend between 3-8 species of the plants Euphorbia helioscopia L.,
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Hypericum
perforatum L.,Matricaria inodora L. and others.
Along with this,
stabilization of the species richness in variant with biohumus
(9 ton/hectare) is the comparison
with the phytosenosis of
zone foothills of dark chestnut soil.
In contrast
phytosenosis of the replontozem in natural phytosenosis to dominate feather
grass fescue association of plants.
From of all found species the largest number belong to the family Poaceae Barnhart 6 species or 32% of general number in
the composition phytosenosis at the foothills of dark chestnut soil. In the second place
is the plants are referred to it that is 21%. The third place of the family Scrophulariaceae Juss.
In percentage wise their number consists of 11 from general number. The rest of
the family Fabaceae Lindl., Rosaceae, Guttiferae Juss., Lamiaceae Lindl., Boraginaceae Juss.,
and Paraveraceae Juss., have in its composition of 1 species (6 %) (picture2).
picture 2 – structural composition of phytosenosis foothills
of dark chestnut soil of Zailiski Alatau
It is known, that each species of plant has ecological niche
corresponding to its demand with respect to environment. Comparing analysis
phytosenosis of the replontozem and dark chestnut soil show some affinity and
difference in species composition of associations and in accordance to family.
So, in the last composition next families of plants Plantaginaceae,
Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaсеае J. St. Hill.,
Brassicaceae Burnett., Cuscutaceae are absent. In the first place Poaceae Barnhart predominates then Asteraceae Dumort.
The percentage wise of species constituent their families in comparison
phytosenosis of the replontozem equal to 32 against 17 and 21 against 31 that
is characteristic to phytosenosis of the replontozem of dark chestnut soil.
So, in the syngenesis replontozem process the composition of phytosenosis
pass the evolution stage zone of the vegetarian as consistent with soil zone
and subzone (brown desert→ light chestnut→ chestnut → dark
chestnut soils):
Poa bulbosa L., Agropyron repens (L.) P.B., Silaus besseri DC., Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Ders.,
Convolvulus arvensis L., Trifolium pratense L.
Current fact witnesses about evolutional character of transformation of
loess rocks to soil in dark chestnut range.
Литература:
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генетических горизонтов темно-каштановой почвы. Диссерт... к.с.-х.н. А-Ата‚
1975.
2. Елемесов Ж.Е. Дифференциальное плодородие смеси
горизонтов почв предгорий. Диссерт. работа... к.с.-х.н.‚ А-Ата‚ 1980.
3. Тазабеков Т.Т. Повышение плодородия горных и предгорных
почв. А-Ата: Кайнар, 1983.
4. Тазабекова Е.Т. Гумус и биологическая активность
смесей генетических горизонтов предгорных темно-каштановых почв Заилийского
Алатау. Сб. докладов VIII Международн. симпозиума “Доклады о гумусе”. Прага,
1983.
5. Классификация почв России. Под. ред. Л.Л.Шишов, Г.В.Добровольский.
М.: Почвенный институт им.
В.В.Докучаева РАСХН, 2000. ISBN 5-86921-026-7.