Kushenova Mayra Shaimagambetovna
Kyzylorda State University after Korkyt Ata
Economic consequences of the ground degradation
Republic of Kazakhstan is the
large country in territory. Its typical feature is that it is acute continental
and with dry climate and development on the vast plain parts of the steppe and
desert landscapes. Approximately 45,5 % of the territory is occupied by steppe
and 50% by desert spaces, ecosystems of which are vulnerable enough to the
anthropogenic influence. It is one of the main natural reasons of deserting by
extensive economic activity.
The natural resources development in last centuries was
mostly connected with bringing in economic rotation of vast territories which
brought to considerable changes in previously existed landscapes.
Intensive soil development, low degree of agricultural use
culture and preventive environmental measures by inconsiderable area of natural
reserve funds furthered the deserting development in our republic that lead to
the plant cover degradation, exhaustion of ploughed lands, change of the soil
water regime and erosion.
Land utilization was lead with inconsiderable breach of the
land resources till the end of the 19th century on the territory of
Kazakhstan. The traditional methods of
lands use have been system of
nomadic and drive-away cattle breeding. Cattle breeders could rationally
run pasture lands owing
to seasonal moves, inexhaustible use of resources. Considerable shifts had
taken place in economic forms in the 19th century. Transition into
the settled way of life lead to the agriculture development. Actually mass
mastering of virgin soils for 10-15
years had destroyed steppes in the northern regions. The processes of local and
total deserting of this region have began.
During the third period of virgin soils and fallow soils
mastering 36 million hectares of land had been ploughed. Mass plough out of the
virgin soils had stimulated such negative phenomena as dusty storms, frequent
droughts and other demonstration of
anthropogenic deserting.
In conditions of non-irrigated agriculture degradation of
lands takes place during the use of monocultures, plough out of lowly productive and erosion dangerous
lands, imperfection of soils protecting agricultural technique. Non-irrigated
fields of the republic compile 24 million hectares and 10,4 million hectares of
them are deserted and 17 million hectares of them are taken out from tillage
due to the humus lose,
salt, low productivity, chemical pollution, erosion.
Lands used for irrigation are also being in unsatisfactory
condition. The reason of lands degradation in the system of irrigated
agriculture is imperfection of irrigational systems and technologies of
irrigation which leads to the secondary salification of soils, water erosion and sometimes
to the formation of swamps; Presence of considerably large areas of
agricultural lands, subjected to degradation processes makes the problem of
transformation of lowly productive fields and of other lands of agricultural
use less valuable. Taking out of degraded soils from intensive agricultural use will let us
increase part of environment stabilizing fields. This kind of practice has been
being used in republic for the last ten years in connection with the refusal of
farming subjects from processing lowly productive fields and that is why areas
of fields have been sharply reduced (for more than 12,7 million hectares).
Large territories had been occupied by firing grounds with
the development of military technologies, which made them stop being pastries.
Enterprises of military industry had taken out from agricultural rotation about
10 million hectares of fields and pastries.
The result of firing fields formation and extension of areas
of plough in the north of republic accorded by limitations of water resources
was a sharp reduction of areas used for pastries. The population had to herd
cattle on the limited territories which lead to exhaustion of pastries and to
development of herding out and erosion.
Intensive use of the raw potential of the republic lead to
the formation of large masses of degraded soils.
Changes that took place in the social and economic way of
life of the last century, excessive plough of the fields lead to the dusty
storms, catastrophic humus
gab, pastures overloading and to their deserting. Transition into the
new economic relations, liquidation of the centralized mechanism of fuel supply
lead to the uncontrolled cut down of wood plantations. Economic difficulties do
not let to finance measures of environmental protection.
Nowadays the social and economic situation had defined reduction of
plough soils. 10,4
million hectares of republic fields are deserted from the total 31,9 million
hectares. The left fields transfer into áóðüÿíèñòûå çàëåæè.
The natural ecological systems destroy is noticed on the
most part of the territory of Kazakhstan as a result of its irrational use.
Having got an enormous territory (2,72 million square metres) and comparably
less population (about 15 million people) Kazakhstan have come across with
large ecologic problems on the entrance of the second millenium. These
processes directly or indirectly influence
The chemical industry development on the base of backward
technology and an excessive quinization lead to the ground pollution.
Technogenic breaches unavoidable during the building works, useful mineral
resources extraction cause definite damage to the ground fund of the republic.
The area of technogenically infringed grounds compile 181,3 thousand hectares.
All the previously said lead to the widely scoped deserting,
the ground resources ecologic degradation accorded by deduction of natural
ecological systems productivity and population health deterioration. As the
world practice shows, it is not possible to supply permanent economic development
on account of environment destroy and
natural resources exhaustion and also not to save necessary quality of the
environment without strong economics.
One of the major factors influencing the problem of
deserting is an economic and social development of the population as the reason
of the environment condition deterioration and natural resources exhaustion can
be both insufficient economic development and excessive economic growth.
Kazakhstan is the great oil exporter and has got enormous reserves of energetic
and mining mineral resources. The main role in industrial sector is played by mining
branch and in agriculture by cereals plantation. Economic indices of
development including inner boulder product has got a permanent tendency for
growth. The positive tendencies of developing production and financial sectors
must be directed to realization of measures complex on social programs support
since the following two reasons as village population poverty and
overpopulation lead to excessive loading on natural systems: pastures areas
reduction and their qualitative degradation; productive ground loss. On the
other hand economic growth often leads to ground resources degradation.
So Kazakhstan has come across a problem of preventing
further degradation of ground resources and taking concrete measures on their
reconstruction, production of normal inhabitation environment for human
himself. A fight against deserting must be realized in accordance with
scientifically proved actions plan, firstly by elimination of principle
reasons, bringing deserting, definition of measures on elimination and
extirpation of these phenomena.
A fight against deserting is the problem of people’s prosperity permanent development
promotion by elimination of ground degradation, rise of its productivity,
provision safety and political stability guarantee. The strategic goal of the
state policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is becoming a guarantee of favorable
inhabitation environment for human on the base of manufacture optimal development, ground resources rational use by
obligatory term of keeping biological variety and their reproduction ability.