G.
Ismailova, candidate of philological sciences, Assistant Professor,
A.
Akkaliyeva
Foreign
Philology Chair, Shakarim Semey State University
Analysis of
the linguistic structure of terminological system
Nowadays, there is a need to regularize new terms. The elaboration of certain specific kinds of
dictionaries, reference-books that would address such pressing problems as the
systematization and standardization of financial and credit terms are
considered the main forms of linguistic standardization. Banks, financial, credit and tax institutions in the Republic of
Kazakhstan have become a new challenge developing phenomenon. Now there is a
period of intensive development of various terminological systems. Term creation
in the field of English, German, Russian and Kazakh languages has become the
imperative of time. It determines the necessity of the chosen research topic.
Term is a word which corresponds to a certain special
concept. Scientific terms express strictly scientific notions of a specific scientific
field. The combination of firmly fixed in science terms makes its terminology,
a terminology system. D.S. Lotte separated disordered, non-systematized
terminology from a truly scientific terminology. The terminology system is a
complex, dynamic, stable system, elements of which are selected by the certain
rules lexical units of language.
Their structure is isomorphic to the structure of
logical relationships between the concepts of special knowledge or activity,
and the function is to serve as a model of knowledge or activity. Nature of the
term is not inherent in the plain meaning or concept, but a special, narrow
meaning or concept. The structure of the term includes components corresponding
to any of the lexical unit, but qualitatively different from that one. Meanings
of the words transformed into terms underwent some quantitative changes and
replaced to special, scientific, professional. At the same time between the old
non-terminological and new terminological meanings remains a definite connection.
For instance, the semantics of a common verb sollen has become the source for its various specific
transformations; moreover the range of quantitative changes is quite wide:
Das Soll
1.
Kleine, oft kreisrunde (mit Wasser
gefullte) Bodensenke (im Bereich von Grund-u.Endmoranen);
2.
(Kaufmannspr.) Dasjenige, was auf der Ausgabenseite (einer Firma) steht;
Schulden;
3.
linke Seite eines Kontos im Szstem derdropelten Buchfuhrung;
4.
(Wirtsch.) Geforderte Arbeitsleistung;
5.
(Wirtsch.) in der Production) festgelegte, geplante Menge, Plansoll, Norm
The term has a special nature of referential: its
contents may be disclosed only through the definition. In the study of
financial and credit terms of unrelated languages we stick to the definition
that term is a word or phrase that has
specific meaning expressing and forming a professional concept and applied in
the process of learning and mastering the scientific and vocational-technical
objects and relations between them.
It is very important to identify all the ways, methods
and peculiarities of different terms systems in the terminology of developing
languages. For example, if the national language doesn’t posses its own
scientific terminology or its development is slow, the language refers to the
more advanced terminology of another language. It can be explained by the
specific features of the linguistic expression of the terms, the consistency of
its formation and the systemic links in the terminological system. Terminology
originates from common literary vocabulary and can not be isolated from the
laws and processes of its development and functioning.
There is a great need to streamline the existing term
systems and to develop new techniques for terms building. The terminology
should be unified because it facilitates the solution of the problem of
standardization in the field of terminology as the main way to streamline
terms.
Terminological system is the specific object of
linguistic research. Categories and notions of terminological systems are
presented in two types of its mental realizations: the objectified or procedure
dynamic and activity form, substantivized and verbal forms: Finanzen, finance, финансы, қаржы; kredit, credit, кредит, несие; Finanzierung, financing, финансирование,
қаржыландыру; finanzieren, to finance, финансировать, қаржыландыру
Subject-material meaning of the language unit is
reflected in the definition in the dictionaries. The main feature of any
language nominations is that they are mediated by thinking. The very notions of
objects, phenomena of the world, that is, generalized knowledge of them are
nominated, but not the subjects themselves. Each nation has its own notions and
language nominations for this or that concepts. In each language the notions
have their own form, type various in content. It depends on the type of
language structure and the level of knowledge of the of reality obtained by
people
The fiscal
system is a certain conceptual space, which is dismembered structurally by
every language. It means that it internally consists of interconnected separate
areas, parts. Each of these parts, as all the conceptual space of financial and
credit system are represented in two types of linguistic signs which are
considered as the means of the generalized nomination in the form of verbal and
substantive nominations. The latter are represented in the form of a verb or
substantive lexemes and steady phrases. With the help of the typology of the
language nominations which are structurally, semantically and functionally
heterogeneous the financial credit conceptual space in each of the four
languages are systematized and organized. One of the conceptual spheres of this
space is represented in the form of processes, actions, operations. Human
language conveys these concepts in such a category of its units as a verb.
Verbal nomination is a kind of lexical category in the
definition of which the different conceptual features, multiple views of the
process, condition, movement of world objects and human actions are fixed. Most
verbs of financial and credit systems are formed from substantively expressed
subjective categories and concepts of financial and credit system, i.e. they
are denominative verb formations. There are observed differences in the
structure of denominated verbs, which lie in the semantics of the first
component. In some cases they are general subject concepts in other ones they
are special terms. In German, the main means of denominative verbs formation is
Infinitive ending -en
In Russian, this type is represented by the verbs derived from the
corresponding nouns with Infinitive endings: –ать, -овать, -ивать, -ировать: депонировать, ассигновать, аккумулировать.
In the Kazakh language the system of expressing the Infinitive, the
original form of a verb is well developed. The regular model is «nominal stem + noun suffixes -лау, -леу, -дау, -деу,
-тау, -теу», e.g., ассигнациалау, оптимизациалау,
депоненттеу, тарификациялау, акцептеу.
It was noted that when language can not for some
reasons create a verb-term, terminology verbal phrase will come into force,
e.g.: «выдавать» is not a term but «выдавать кредит» is a
terminological verbal phrase.
Borrowing is a constant replenishment source of lexical resources of any
language. It is a natural process characterizing every language development. In
terminology of the financial and credit system of 4 languages in the form of
a simple derivative verb there are many
loan translation terms, borrowed from Italian, English, French e.g.: remboursieren, devisieren from French, discontieren, saldieren from Italian.
In German, English and Kazakh languages there are as many borrowed or
loan verb terms in the form of denominative verbs as nouns. In Kazakh the
preference is given not to the verb but verbal phrase, e.g.: инвестиция жасау.
A distinctive feature of the verbal inflexion of the
Kazakh language in the field of finance and credit is the absence of the
prefixed word-building elements. Prefixed verbs in the Kazakh language are
mostly borrowing or loan translation words: реинвестициялау, демонетизациялау.
The use of compound verbs in the financial and credit
system is a special case. The fact is that according to our records, a few
verb-terms of such derivative structure are found only in German and Russian,
e.g.: взаиморассчитывать, самофинансировать, самоокупиться. The verbs of this
structural type are not found in the Kazakh language.
Terminology as a special
field of language has its own laws and regularities. One of them is that
borrowing is welcomed, as it saves time and ensures the adequacy of the
expression of special ideas. Therefore, it seems quite natural that the
internationalization of terms are widely spread in terminological systems,
e.g.: инвестировать,
трассировать, спонсировать, accepted by most of countries without any
translation. Following the well-known Kazakhstani researchers, we consider the
introduction of the borrowings as an enrichment of the language.
We found out that the financial and credit system of
terminology for each of the four languages has its own characteristics at each
level of its comparative study: the language nomination, derivation, imagery or
the aspect of traditional and borrowed words, lacoons, correlation of lexical
and phraseological nomination and derivation. So, a number of irregularities
and asymmetries are observed in the verbal and substantive area of the
considered terminological system, both within each of the four languages and
between languages.
List of reference literature:
1. Серебренников Б.А., Уфимцева А.А.
Номинацция и проблема выбора.Языковая номинация//Общие вопросы. Москва, 1977,
с. 147-188
2. Гвоздарев Ю.А. Основы
русского фразобразования. Ростов-на Дону,
3. Лотте Д.С. Основы
построения научно-технической терминологии
4. Лейчик И.М. о языковом
субстрате термина// Вопросы языкознания. Москва, 1961, 183
5. Карлинский А.Е. Принципы,
методы и приемы лингвистических исследований. Алматы, 2003, 184с
6. Артюнова Н.Д., Уфимцева
А.А. Аспекты семантических исследований. Москва, 1980