Экономические науки/5.Управление трудовыми ресурсами

К.э.н. Т.Л. Смирнова

Северская государственная технологическая академия, Россия

System of Education and Market of Work Force in Russia

Russia has always taken an active participation in the process international integration. It is on the way of national economy reformation and gets ready to enter WTO, participating in the world-wide globalization process. Russia is one of the most important partners of the world’s markets: famous for its natural resources, intellectual working force, technologies, goods and services, finances. For the recent years Russian economy has acquired steady rate of economic growth. Russia goes on to introduce deep federal and administrative reforms as well as structural ones in industry. One of the main reasons, restricting economic growth in the country, is no free market available and no real competition on it, as well as incomplete formation of the market institutions. Russian market is not fully open; it is characterized by the high degree of monopolization. Having gained real economic power, monopolists and oligopolies dominate on the Russian market. They take control of essential volume of all resources of the market, price forming, income distribution and enterprisers’ results on the basis of contractual vertical marketing system activity. Their most significant positions take place in those economic spheres, where the “outside effects” are possible and transaction expenses are high. The results of monopoly’s activity have developed into noneffective distribution and use of resources in these sectors of economy, which prevent small business development. Russian specialists are interested in the rich experience of the USA market establishments and evolution of educational system as well as market of work force.

Existing under conditions of imperfect model of competition on the Russian market, oligopolies look very many like natural monopolies and are interested in incomplete satisfaction of the demand for goods and services of small producers and households. Imbalance of the demand and supply in some economical sectors brings to breaking general economic balance and price disproportion, which become apparent in inflation. On those markets there are preserved long-term structural disproportions significant even in macroeconomy of Russia.

In the deformed sectors of economy it is hard to provide investment activity, influx of capital and innovations and new technologies are limited, but there is the imbalance being formed between processes of consumption and accumulation. To form a free market the federal government should efficiently apply antymonopoly legislation, efficiently use budget resources, mobilize home and foreign investments and provide competition among enterprises. Taking into account national interests, the government must stimulate vertical and horizontal integration of banks, enterprises and insurance companies. It also must take care of creating the real stimulators for industrial investment and deregulation of economic activity for different subjects of market.

In most developed countries small business and family business play very important part in their national economy development. Many countries use the potential of family enterprises very efficiently for solving macroeconomic tasks. In Russia small business and family business also creates big amount of new working places in various sectors of economy since they obtain flexibility, dynamics and therefore help to decrease general level of unemployment in Russia. Small business actively involves hired labour. It is very important to research different forms of small enterprises and their role in Russian national economy. The major matters connected with development of small business in Russia are legalization of working activity of a significant part of population, more efficient usage of labour force, development of women’s and youth’s enterprises.

Current market of labor represents the aggregate of economic relations connected with process of applying the work force. In the scientific literature there are diverse definitions of working force market depicting different sides of the phenomenon. There are many research approaches to the exploration of the market of working force. In Russia there is a cumulative experience of stimulating, development and support of small business by the federal government. There is a great amount of unemployed people capable of workings that have no jobs and incomes but seek for work or want to change it. First of all these are less competitive groups of workers who suffer from unemployment. Young employees, recent graduates and women represent them.

Tomsk is a scientific, innovation, industrial and cultural center. There are 6 large universities and many vocational schools training specialists on more than 120 majors. Annually the youth market of specialists is not fully satisfied. There is imbalance between demand structure and jobs supply. Labor market is being constantly complicated and there appear new professions, which are not trained in Tomsk educational institutions. Part of the Tomsk universities graduates have to change their specialities and get new additional education, they form friction and structural unemployment. Many of them face difficulties while adapting on the work force market because of insufficient communicative skills. Young people are not aware of the methods of self-presentation and technology of search for the wishful job. Inadequate interaction between business enterprises and universities does not allow educational institutions to define properly what necessary specialists have to be trained, and it forms the imbalance of the labor market in the whole region. In Russia and Tomsk we do not have enough quantity and qualitative corporative educational programs to consider combined training of business and university specialists. It results in the stable level of unemployment and social dissatisfaction among the young people.

Educational system development, partnership between business, educational institutions and economic culture will allow us to solve problems of regulating and taking control of the work force market at the expense of the state and private institutions and consequently to decrease unemployment and improve the quality of training specialists. Countries and regions, paying much attention to the development of educational system, obtain higher competitiveness and reach both economic and social progress and prosperity. Education and its quality in the 21^st century become dominating strategy of development and competitiveness of all countries in the international economy. The UNESCO report says that educational system reform in the world society is inevitable and necessary, since the human resources are the basic value of any national economy. Depopulation of the country involves negative economic consequences and results in decline of economic growth, imbalance of work force and lost of national competitiveness.

Human capital is being actively accumulated and used by successful international companies, making important competitive advantages on different markets. The technologies of creation, development and efficient application of human capital determine countries-leaders in the international economy. Educational systems of these countries are directed onto revealing personality potential of students, training communicative skills and professional competence. Educational environment of the developed countries is built so that students get highly qualitative education and then quickly find jobs, they always make good careers. Use of special courses in addition to the regular curriculum improves quality of students’ training. The aim of the government is to provide active encouragement of educational reforms, to form necessary institutions and to maintain honest competition on the market of educational services.

Globalization brings to necessity of improving educational systems of many countries and to match educational level of the developed countries and to apply their innovations and achievements in building educational systems and training specialists. Particularly interesting for educational process organization are interdisciplinary connections, technologies of knowledge control, active methods of training, individual approach, developing the personality values and economic culture of specialists, which significantly effect the quality of general training. The transfer of society to the information economy improves the value of education and defines the human capital to be the leading resource necessary for speedy economic development and makes the work force structure change, forming new concepts of its regulation. Russia needs the progressive experience of the USA development with its innovation economy, studies of educational system evolution and that of working force market, methods of regulation and peculiarities of forming the free market institutions, which could not be created under conditions of command-administrative economics of the USSR.