Усс Ангелина Сергеевна, ст. преподаватель Рябикина Е.
В.
Ростовский Государственный Экономический университет («РИНХ»), Россия
Brain Drain
Brain Drain refers
to the emigration (out-migration) of knowledgeable, well-educated and skilled
professionals from their home country to another country. This can take place because of several factors. The
most obvious is the availability of better job opportunities in the new
country. Other factors that can cause brain drain include: war or conflict,
health risks, and political instability.
Brain drain occurs most commonly when individuals
leave less developed countries (LDCs) with fewer opportunities for career
advancement, research, and academic employment and migrate to more developed
countries (MDCs) with more opportunities. However, it also occurs in the
movement of individuals from one more developed country to another more
developed country.
Recently, the Russian government has been paying
increased attention to science and education, primarily as part of its declared
modernization program, and also as part of the ongoing review of the
Russia-2020 government strategy. This stems mainly from the realization that
the foundation of the modern economy and world is the knowledge-based economy. Consequently,
science and education issues are becoming crucial for Russia, especially if it
wants to remain competitive on the global scale.
It should be noted that the intellectual and
innovative potential of Russian researchers and engineers remains high and
in-demand, but, unfortunately, they most often find opportunities to carry out
their projects and ideas in other countries. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010
was awarded to our compatriots Konstantin Novoselov and Andre Geim. These
scientists do not represent the era of Soviet nuclear physics of the 1950s;
they were awarded the Nobel Prize for current research. They both graduated
from Russian universities, which laid the foundations for their research, but
they both currently work abroad.
This is why one of
Russia’s key goals is to create an efficient system that will stop brain drain
and foster technologically advanced and socially attractive conditions for
developing, patenting and implementing scientific and innovative projects
inside the country.
The Skolkovo
innovation center is already becoming an important part of the system. But it is also clear that a single center cannot
prevent brain drain. Russia must create an entire network of innovative growth
centers in many of its regions. Prime Minister Putin and the new management of the
Strategic Initiatives Agency understand this, as they’ve made clear in their
public statements.
In the past decade,
Russia has been witnessing a very dangerous trend: with the growing popularity
of higher education in general, the demand for Ph.D. programs is declining; and
competition for these programs is falling off even at many of the country’s
leading universities. To a significant
degree, this is due to the fact that Ph.D. programs in Russia are not attached
to big research projects and innovative production.
Between January and
August 2014 more than 200,000 people left Russia, according to Russia’s Federal
Statistics Agency. This number is much
higher than for the first eight months in 2013, which saw about 121,000 people
emigrating from Russia. In 2014, Russians were most often emigrating to the
U.S., Germany, Canada and Finland.
Economists and businessmen attending the forum,
including Sucher, agree that the Russian authorities should create a system
that encourages both private business and young people to stay in Russia.
From the report of the statistical
office shows that Russians mainly leave for the United States ("migration
gain", i.e. the difference between who came from that country and left it,
here negative -644), Germany (-588), Canada (-347) and Finland (-283).
At the present moment the "brain drain" from Russia is awesome
character. First we need to create conditions for work. Proper methods to
prevent the dangerous trend two: stimulating and restraining. So, it is
possible to implement a complete ban on travel abroad, to return system of
distribution of graduates, ban on travel abroad of members of certain
professions, etc. on the other hand, or however, to raise salaries up to a
certain high level and to fix, improve social benefits, to mitigate taxes, etc.
In the Russian context, when the "brain drain" suffer from technical
and natural scientific specialties, to support these areas and should focus.
The ban in Russia has always been ineffective and in the long run will not bring
result.
Finally, a huge
country like Russia should pay special attention to regional level. It should set up research, innovative and production
clusters at the regional level and use them as the foundation for its strategy
of international cooperation. Creating research centers in Moscow alone (or in
Skolkovo, which is a few kilometers from Moscow) will not turn the tide of
brain drain. Moreover, in the 2000s, we saw the real and no less serious
problem of internal brain drain in Russia, caused by the hypercentralization of
research and production in Moscow and the growing gap between the capital and
other regions of the country. When everyone who is able to is moving to Moscow,
this poses a real threat to the future of Russian research and innovation. This is a problem
not only for professional researchers, but also for the population in general
To successfully combat the "brain drain" should return left
"luminaries" of science specialists, as well as the encouragement and
support of scientists and specialists living in the homeland to continue the
work. And of course, it is important statistically to know the rate and trend
of "leakage". In Russia the highest officials of the state emphasized
repeatedly the necessity of building a "knowledge economy", for this
purpose, and the necessary privileges to innovative companies. The main form of
support such business should of course be tax benefits. We should administer:
tax credits for a period of three to five years; the release of innovative
enterprises from the profit tax in first three years of activity; to introduce
accelerated depreciation of fixed assets. In addition, the right to establish
the requirement for public authorities about the extraordinary provision of
innovative enterprises in the offices and lower rents.
Literature
2.
Oleg Barabanov COMBATING RUSSIAN
BRAIN DRAIN, 09/08/2011, http://valdaiclub.com/opinion/highlights/combating_russian_brain_drain/