Baidauletov M.
Candidate of Economic Sciences, docent of the Kazakh National University
named after Al-Farabi,
Anasheva.Zh.Zh.
Master student of the Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi,
Kazakhstan, Almaty
anasheva.zhuldyz@mail.ru
Organization of tax accounting and forms of its
conducting in the Republic of Kazakhstan
The aim of this article is to describe the system of tax accounting and
international tax optimization in Kazakhstan. The mentioned theme is of great
current interest. The reason is that nobody doubts in usefulness and necessity
of financial and managerial accounting, whereas the rules of tax accounting and
its importance varies in different states because of their laws. Basically,
financial accounting shares financial information with the external users
especially. This type of accounting is regulated by state and international
rules. Managerial accounting is normally used by the managers of the company
for internal control and is not regulated from outside. The purpose of tax
accounting is to describe business process in such way that income tax base can
be properly evaluated. The main user of tax accounting reports is the state
itself. Tax standards, laws and meaning of tax accounting distinguish
significantly in different countries.
In Kazakhstan, this
problem is not so easy and requires using of tax accounting, which is described
in this paper. Income tax (so-called tax on corporate profits) is much more
complicated in Kazakhstan than in other countries. Firstly, a special kind of
accounting – tax accounting exists for calculation of this tax. Kazakh
companies have to keep tax records permanently. According to the Kazakh system,
each operation is recorded in both financial and tax accounting during the
period. Mostly, these records are similar, but there is a mismatching when the
same event is evaluated differently by tax and financial accounting rules. In
this case, financial accounting will keep a real amount of the transaction,
because this type of accounting must provide to its users complete and truthful
information about the assets and liabilities state. In tax accounting, a
maximum allowed amount will be recorded, or zero (for example, if an expense is
not tax deductible), or an amount determined in accordance with the tax rules.
The difference between these two types of accounting has to be recorded in the
financial accounting so that tax revenue calculation would be possible in
financial accounting as well. So, the amount of the record can be found by
multiplying this difference and income tax rate. There are permanent
differences that appear due to non-deduction or limitation of certain costs and
revenues under the tax rules, and temporary differences arising from different
depreciation methods, different useful life of assets, different methods of
inventory valuation, etc.
Currently there are many opinions regarding the form of the tax accounting,
enlarged them can be summarized in several following directions.
1. Tax accounting system based on the construction of an array of registers
for intermediate calculations. These registers are intended to reflect and
store information on the procedure for tax calculations, intermediate
indicators necessary for the formation of the tax base. Under intermediate
indicators refers to indicators for which there is no corresponding line in a
separate Declaration, meaning that their values though, and are involved in the
formation of accounting data, but not in full, through special calculations or
summary measure. The setting of the tax accounting system is expensive and
intellectually intensive. Not every accountant has the necessary qualifications
to implement a new system of tax accounting. The developed procedure of tax
accounting for companies, tax registers, are sent to taxpayers. This
recommendation forms for businesses that are able to use them.
2. Organization of tax accounting on the principle of
"arrival-rate" with the conduct of the book of income and expenses
(similar to that now used the simplified accounting system). This method is
optimal for small organizations, the number of operations in which small and of
which will determine the income and expenses on a cash basis. However, in
organizations with the specificity of the vast majority of cases, the use of
this system is not possible, because they usually do not belong to the same
group of taxpayers who are allowed to use the cash method of accounting for
income and expenses.
3. At construction of system of tax accounting is to use the principle of
double entry using the "tax accounts" and "tax"
transactions. This method is a stand-alone version of the tax accounting, it is
very time consuming, as in this case, the tax accounting is totally separated
from the traditional accounting.
Today to consider the tax records as something separate from the accounting
would be unfair. Too tight methodological and documentary communication between
them. There is no doubt that accounting and tax accounting in the enterprise
are the subject of activity of the same specialists. On this basis it can be
argued that tax accounting is one of the sections of accounting along with
financial and managerial accounting. It remains only to determine his place in
the accounts of the company.
4. The fourth way is to adapt the tax accounting for the current chart of
accounts, revising the order of the analytical account of incomes and expenses
maintained at sub-accounts to the accounts of accounting, and maintain one
chart of accounts and accounting and tax accounting. The reason for this is the
presence of normative regulation of financial accounting by the state, as well
as management accounting is not regulated by Russian legislation, it is
considered as an element of accounting that deserves attention.
Under this option, the experts are requested to organize a system of tax
accounting, which will consist of analytical tables, tax tables, intermediate
calculations, and pivot tables.
5. Compromise. It is used for tax accounting additionally introduced
off-balance sheet tax accounts to the accounting chart of accounts, which keep
track of income expenses. Turnovers and balances in these accounts will not be
reflected in accounting registers and accounting statements. In this case, the
accountant can when conducting any transactions in the accounting records at
the same time to record on the appropriate sub-account of the tax invoice. It
will be convenient for the accountants, a leading accounting on the computer using
accounting software. They will have to add to the algorithm some additional
business transactions recording on the accounts of tax accounting and to
prepare new algorithms in cases where accounting and tax accounting of the same
operations are conducted in different ways.
In the scheme of accounting transactions typical of commercial operations of
several transactions intended to reflect the data in the accounts of tax
accounting, and configure new algorithms for cases where the reflection
principle of an operation in both types of accounting vary. On the basis of the
accumulated balances of the tax account information are the analytical
registers. Each register is a report which contains the information included on
a particular tax account. The composition of registers is focused on
appropriate forms of data presentation in the Declaration for the profit tax of
the organization and its applications.
Let us consider variants of interaction of financial and tax accounting in
the tax reporting.
The advantage of the first option is that the data for formation of tax
base comes directly from taxation that, in turn, are shaped directly by primary
accounting documents. Interaction of financial and tax accounting component in
this embodiment is minimized, the General documents for the subsystems are
given only the data of the primary document. The disadvantage of this scheme is
its high cost compared with other options associated with the involvement of a
greater number of additional staff, with a significant increase in the volume
of accounting documents.
The advantage of this second option is the relatively small amount of
accounting work. However, the combined registers can be used in the case of
similar ways of grouping data in the financial and tax accounting, the
different accounting rules they are not applicable.
In case of different accounting rules is desirable along with financial and
combined to apply analytical registers of tax accounting registers. This scheme
allows maximum use of financial accounting data and brings tax and financial
accounting subsystems. Development of combined registers of tax and financial
accounting involves the addition of existing registers the necessary details.
In a further set of such registers requires systematic approach to determining
revenues and expenses of the organization when calculating taxable profits
based on the specific characteristics of the taxpayer.
Role and importance of
tax accounting differ greatly depending on the laws of every state. As an
example of a country where this type of accounting is very important and
necessary, I have described Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, tax and financial
accounting exist in parallel, and the tax base can be calculated by data
generated in both types of accounting. Unlike IFRS, Kazakh accounting policies
include the concept of permanent differences and allow using of IFRS only
within certain limits. Another problem is vagueness of Kazakh legal system,
especially in matters relating to the tax expenses recognition, which raises a
number of judicial proceedings between taxpayers and tax authorities annually.
That is why every qualified Kazakh accounting must be a lawyer also in order to
predict legal consequences of his decisions. Legislative pressure is a natural
cause of companies' efforts to reduce tax costs.
References
1.
Letter from the President of the Republic of
Kazakhstan - the Leader of the nation Nursultan Nazarbayev to the people of
Kazakhstan "Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050": new political course of
the established state"-2012.
2.
The code of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On taxes and
other obligatory payments to the budget" (Tax Code) dated 10.12.2008, №
99-IV
3.
Bryzgalin A.V., Bernik R. V., Golovkin A. N.
Accounting and tax accounting and reporting of the organization (case study) //
Taxes and financial law. - 2004.– № 4-5.– p. 17-22.
4.
Erzhanov M.S . , Erzhanova A.M . , Zhakipbekov D.S . Tax accounting and tax reporting in diagrams and tables : teaching -
practical guide. - Almaty : Economics , 2010. - 272 p .
5.
Leshina E.A ,
Surkova M.A . , Bogdanova N.A . Tax accounting : a tutorial. - Ulyanovsk: Ulstu
2009. - 143 p.