Ybyraiym A.O.

c.ph.sc. ,assıstant professor of M.Kh.Dulaty TarSU, Kazakhstan

WORD FORMATION IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

In the present Kazakh linguistics the following grammar notions such as derivation, form building and inflection or word changes are formed according to the content of the word. It is clear that these notions are closely connected with the word forms, especially with the additional morphemes. However these notions are investigated in the Russian linguistics, but it has not solved in the Turkic linguistics yet. We consider that the main reason of it is in turcologist-linguists’ being of the opinion of the Russian linguistics researches. Because the measures of the Russian language are agglutinative which is applied to inflective language group, i.e. they cannot be as a measure for the Turkic languages which is applied to the additional language group. In this direction one must take into consideration their peculiarities in the functional role of morphemes and grammar in the Turkic languages.

In the Kazakh linguistics solving of this problem is observed from the point of morpheme conjugation. But there appeared many points of view on the variety of signs and measures which were the basis of morpheme conjugation. It is known that there are three main directions in morpheme conjugation in researches of the Kazakh language. One of them is A.Yskakov’s point of view: «… then, according to their meaning and function, the morphemes which form the new words from words and new forms from words are called suffixes, the morphemes which connect the words are called connections. The morphemes which derive the words are applied to lexical-grammatical category, because they form new derivatives from the words in which they consist, the morphemes which derive word forms are applied to functional-grammatical category, in order to define the grammatical function of words in its content according to the parts of speech. And connections are applied to the pure grammatical category because they connect the words in the sentences. But deriving the words with the help of the suffixes in the Kazakh language is connected with grammar» [1,28]. We may observe such point of view in K.Ahtanov’s opinion. The author divides the morphemes into two groups, such as connections and suffixes, and he shows the division of suffixes into two groups: «among suffixes word deriving suffixes derive new words, and such derived words are considered as separate lexical units (separate words), form making suffixes cannot form separate new words, they only derive different forms of that word» [2,282].

The second direction is A.Ibatov’s point of view. This scholar also divides morphemes of the Kazakh language into three spheres. This view looks like the previous author’s, but he gives them other names: derivational, form building, inflectional.

Derivational morphemes are additional morphemes which derive new words from the root and derived basis: for example, басшы – бас+шы, ақта – ақ+та.

Form building morphemes are morphemes which are used together with the word according to the function in the sentence and the functional-grammatical morphemes which cannot form new words. Such morphemes are used to give new forms of the word and to vary them. For example: ағырақ – ақ+ырақ, алғыз – ал+ғыз т.б.

Inflectional morphemes are mainly connections. They are called inflectional morphemes according to the function to connect the words in the sentence (in Russian - slovoizmenitelny)[3,34-35].

 Е.Мergenbayev in his monograph «word forming system in the Kazakh language» took his opinion as a basis, however it has its own peculiarities. The author uses two terms, such as derivation and inflection according to the changing of the form. Word building forms show the signs of which denote their thingness, phenomenal, movement and actions, and inflectional forms define the common connections, ties between things and actionable phenomenon [4,17]. Yesim divides inflectional morphemes into two groups - form-building and inflectional morphemes. The expressive-emotional suffixes of noun and comparison categories of pronouns, ordinal numbers and some word-building suffixes of adverbs are applied to the word-building. The plural forms, declension, possessiveness and classification of noun are applied to the inflectional morphemes. [4,20].

We disagree with the author’s view on some suffixes of the adverb’s word-building morphemes and inflectional morphemes, but it is right that he has divided the word building into derivation and inflection. The founder of dividing the morphemes into two groups in the Kazakh linguistics was professor Y.Mamanov. The scholar showed that the comparative forms of pronouns, the participle, mood forms of verbs, the plural forms, possessive case, declension forms of nouns do not change the meaning of words, they give them only grammatical forms. Their function is to derive the grammatical form of the word. That’s why it will be right not to divide them into inflectional and form building, but to combine them as the morphemes which derive grammatical forms. All morphemes fulfill only two functions: one is to form new words, second is to form grammatical forms of words. [5,51].

Professor S.Isayev added professor Y.Mamanov’s this theory and developed it from the theoretical point of view. But this scholar considered that when declining morphemes the defining and giving meaning of them had to be in the first place, and their function - in the second place [6,219]. Also he showed that division of morphemes into word forming morphemes and word deriving morphemes has the theoretical and practical meaning[6,222]. Then having analyzed the grammatical properties of morphemes, their meaningful peculiarities, language layer, the sphere of their using, their meaningful circle, he classified the form building morphemes further. Its type which fulfills the function of connecting the words he calls connections, and the type which cannot fulfill the function of connecting the words, which derive only grammatical meaning he calls suffix. He divides the morphemes into modificational or lexical-grammatical morphemes according to their meaning and function, the second type he calls pure grammatical or categorical morphemes. Modificational morphemes do not derive new words, but they give the root additional grammatical meaning, at the same time they add the semantic shade to the lexical meaning of the root, also they keep the grammatical peculiarities during the speech process, so they will look like derivational root in the circle of one part of speech. In the Kazakh language modificational morphemes include shade forming morphemes of noun, comparative forms of pronoun, suffixes of ordinal numbers, passive voice of verbs, superlative verbs, suffixes of irregular verbs. Participle I, Participle II, mood, tense forms are considered as pure grammatical paradigmatic suffixes of verbs, they are used to decline the root forms and to fulfill the main function of verbs - predicative function. From this point of view the author does not consider the connections as connections which are known the index of the plural category of noun, he observes them in the line of grammatical suffixes. Because the plural form does not connect the words in the sentence. They give only the plural meaning to the words they used with. Then the possessive, grammatical declension, conjugation are applied to the connective group of form building morphemes [6, 226-228]. Here S.Isayev took Y.Mamanov’s view – “the plural morpheme can not connect the words” as a basis.

Having analyzed the works above in the Turkic and Kazakh linguistics one may observe the common conclusion. The morphemes are divided into three groups according to the meaning and functions. They are - derivational morphemes, form building morphemes and inflectional morphemes. The authors came to one common conclusion on the derivational morphemes, but on the last two of them there are some contrasts. These contrasts are shown in the given morphemes names in the authors’ works of the Kazakh language. According to these notions the following names are used – form building, inflectional [3;4], word changing forms (form driving), word adding forms [1], word forming morphemes and grammatical form deriving morphemes [7], suffix and suffixes[8] and derivational morphemes and form building morphemes [8].

The second contrast is on some morphemes. For example, the comparative morphemes of pronoun and adverb. The authors name them differently, as derivational morphemes [8,78;7], form deriving suffixes [1], form building suffixes [4,22], modificational morphemes [6,227]. According to it they are observed in the content of derivation in one author’s works, in the others’ they are observed in the form building. We believe that it is right to observe the comparative forms of pronoun and adverb in the content of form building, because they do not form new lexical derived word from the root word. They only define and fill them from the grammatical point of view. So, having analyzed the contrasts in the Kazakh language, having compared with each other, we decided to recommend our own point of view. Taking into consideration the meaning and functions of morphemes in the Kazakh language, we used the Russian notions –slovoobrazovanie, formoobrazovanie, slovoizmenenie, closely used the terms – derivational, form building, inflectional morphemes and decided to use them from the conjugation point of view. It has its own reasons.

At present linguistics derivation is considered as a separate sphere. According to it its theoretical and practical problems are investigated and it has its own place in linguistics. That’s why we won’t stop at this notion deeply. We apply the morphemes which derive new words from definite root or derived basis, morphemes which form new lexical words to derivational morphemes.

Word formation and word changing are investigated in Turkic languages from the theoretical point of view. In this direction especially the famous scientists’ works are singled out, such as V.G.Guzeev, М.А.Habichev, А.А.Pokrovskaya. In spite of it these phenomenon are being investigated from the morpheme conjugatıon point of view till the present day. In this direction only Е.Меrgenbayev investigated this problem from the theoretical aspect and publishe his monograph. The author combines these two phenomenon and called it as word changing, he showed its two main ways: synthetic way and analytical way. He also classified the synthetical way into the word changing and verbal word changing and divides them into two types: first - word forming morphemes which give the word functional-grammatical meaning, second - pure grammatical word changıng morphemes which connect the words. [4,20]. We agree with this scientist’s view on combining the two phenomeon into word changing, but we cannot agree with some points according to word formation .

In conclusion, we have decided to divide phenomenon into two groups, such as word formation and word changing. We have applied word formation and paradigmatic changing system of words to word changing. Word changing includes morphemes denoting the nouns shade meanıng, possessive morphemes, comparative forms of pronouns and adverbs, ordinal numbers, the verb’s passive, participle, mood, tense forms and indications of plurality, and word chaning forms include conjugation, possessiveness and declension. Here we used the term word changing in two meanings. The first is in the wide meaning, i.e. it means the words having the grammatical meaning and word changing, the second is the specific meaning, i.e. changing system of words according to their possesssive, conjugation and declension system. It depends on the grammatical categories of the parts of speech.

Literature:

1. Yskakov А. Қ . Modern Kazakh language. - Аlmaty: Аna tili, 1991. – p.384

2. Аkhanov К.А. basis of linguistics. – Аlmaty: Мектеп, 1975. – p.390.

3. Ibatov А. Morphological structure of the word. - Аlmaty: Gylym, 1983. – p.146.

4. Меrgenbayev Е. Word changing system of the Kazakh language. - Аlmaty:Sаnаt, 1994. – p.228.

5. Маmanov Y.Е. Kazakh language (texts of lectures). - Аlmaty: KazMU edition, 1973. –p.90.

6. Isayev S. Grammatical peculiarities of modern Kazakh language. - Аlmaty: Rauan, 1998. – p.304.

7. Baskakov N.А. Оn the border of word formation and word changing of Turcik languages // Soviet Turkology, 1986, №2. –pp.3-11.

8. Word formation system of Modern Kazakh language. - Аlmaty: Gylym, 1989. p.308.