Sh.K. Тuleubayeva, M. T. Sayakova.

¹Senior teacher, master, ¹student

Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS KARAGANDA REGION

The term "ecology" was proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. As the name of biology, studying issues of organisms and environment interaction.

Scientists have come to understand that the relationship between living organisms and their environment are subject to certain laws.

Currently STP in the age of a person has unlimited both positive and negative possibilities of impact on the environment. Therefore, the environment has gained importtant.

The subject of environmental research are all aspects of human life, the preservation and promotion of human health, taking into account the relationship with the surrounding natural and social environment.

Modern civilization has unprecedented pressure on the environment. There are 4 living environment. without which a person can not live: water, air, soil, living organisms.

Environmental pollution household waste and industrial emissions is harmful to humans, animals, plants, soil, buildings and facilities. It reduces the transparency of the atmosphere, increases the humidity increases the number of days with fog reduces visibility, causing corrosion.

Contamination of the environment is a change in properties of the medium (chemical, mechanical, physical, biological and related information of them), which occurs as a result of natural or artificial processes.

Using various elements of the environment in their activities, a person changes its quality.

Sources of pollution:

• Thermal power plants emit with the smoke in the air sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide gases;

• Metallurgical Company emit nitrogen oxides into the air, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and mercury compounds and arsenic;

• When disposing of the products of combustion of oil, nitrites and sulphites, man has created a new problem - acid rain: causes great harm to plants, destroyed the fertile layer of the earth, kill beneficial microorganisms.

The problem is relevant to all terrestrial civilization is acute in the agenda of our Republic.

Under the chairmanship of the President of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev NA Meeting the country's Security Council considered the question "about the environmental threats to the security of Kazakhstan."

Karaganda region is a major industrial center in Kazakhstan with a high concentration of polluting industrial production. The development of the productive forces in our region for a long time carried out without taking into account the environmental effects, which has led to intense environmental conditions.

For example, the total greenhouse gas emissions, emissions as a result of economic activity of more than 4.5 million tons per year, gross emissions to water - 5-6 million tons of cubic meters, the accumulation of industrial waste - 350-400 million tonnes. Kazakhstan is now accumulated 25 mldr tons of waste per capita falls okolo1500 tons.

There are 6 major uranium-bearing geological provinces, many small uranium deposits and occurrences, which cause elevated levels of natural radioactivity, plus the waste accumulated in the uranium mining enterprises and in the field of nuclear explosions.

Air pollution. For example, emissions of air pollutants from stationary sources make up more than one million tons per year. Or about 1/3 of total emissions in the country. The most polluted city air environment are:

Balkhash (403, 6 thousand tons per year.)

Temirtau (345.0 thousand tons per year.)

Zhezkazgan (141, 7 thousand tons per year.)

Karaganda (59,0 thousand Tonnes).

The main enterprises, with harmful effects on the environment are "Ispat-Karmet" Corporation "Kazakhmys", JSC "Vodokanal" and others.

The main negative issue - contamination of the air emissions of sulfur dioxide Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical Combine.

The specific problem of Karaganda is air pollution as a result of methane gas emissions (. 100 million cubic meters per year), and mine drainage, so the surface is pumped about 30 million cubic meters of highly mineralized mine water.

Its share in air pollution of cities and towns make the emissions from vehicles. On vehicles accounted for about 100 thousand. Tonnes per year.

Great danger of dusting and exhaust existing ash dumps TPP

Pollution of water resources. The big problem in the field of protection and use of water resources. The total annual water resources of about 3.4 billion cubic meters, and the water intake at the moment -. 1.6 billion cubic meters. meters per year. Volume of recycling and reuse of water is about 45% of the fresh water intake. Water sources are the River Nura region with major tributaries Sherubai-Nur and Sokyr, Sarysu river tributaries Kara Kengir and Zhezdy, Irtysh-Karaganda canal, Ishim River and Lake Balkhash.

Waste water discharge into the field is carried out on 47 water outlets, of which the surface water bodies - 14 turnouts. Total are involved in 76 treatment plants. Due to the control of the environmental authorities for the prevention of pollution of water bodies has decreased the volume of untreated water flowing into surface water bodies

(With 47.8 million cubic meters. In 1996 to 9.9 million cubic meters in the current year).

It is urgent to take measures to prevent the ingress of sewage into Lake Balkhash. It noted a significant reduction in the water level in the lake (341m - the critical level, and already registered level - 341, 57 m) .Water had levels drop and an increase in salinity in the freshwater part of the body of water 2 times (1000 mg to 2000 mg..) That occurred in result is not reasonable regulation of the flow of the river or to the Kapchagai HPP and construction systems in violation of the start of water. Also at Balkhash affect the adjacent shopping area, enterprise and operation of military Sary-Shagan.

Of particular concern is the problem of cleaning of bottom sediments from the Nura River mercury. The studies revealed heavy contamination on the territory of JSC "Carbide".

The issue of land.

Complicated situation that has arisen with research. Groun land fund of the region is 42.8 million hectares, of which agricultural lands cover an area of 37, 3 million hectares, including agricultural land -. 13 million hectares

Today in listed 854 thousand. Ha. (Deflated) ruined land. One of the main reasons why wind corrosion - the poor state of shelter belts. Practically stopped the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers in the farms, continuing removal of soil nutrients, without replenishment.

Violation and land degradation taking place as a result of industrial activities. The area of land disturbed by enterprises is 45 thousand hectares Including waste - 14 hectares.

Another source of pollution waste is industrial activity and life of the population Today in numerous ranges of 12 hectares area their accumulated about 5.4 bln. tons. Unfortunately, utilization and disposal of them is very small.

Big problems arise with the presence of large amounts of solid waste. In the poorly resolved issues of storage, development, exploitation landfills, storage and waste dumps.

We should also mention the problem of the impact on the environment and human health of radiation hazardous mines, quarries, abandoned left after development and uncovered. These facts are seen in Shet district pos.Akshatau at abandoned geological development of Aktogay area (Maytas, Kyzyl, Tarasal).

In order to preserve natural landscapes, unique and typical natural complexes, as well as rare and endangered species of fauna and flora in the area of organized 21 nature reserves, 10 natural monuments.

Program "Improvement of the environmental situation of the Karaganda region" is designed to improve the situation in the region.

In order to create a unified system of environmental security tightened work for the state environmental expertise. Adopted by the Environmental Protection Act.