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Mukhtarova M.N., Zharmuhanova T., Ostemir D.,
Alibayeva A.,
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan
Geoecological problems in the extraction and
processing of mineral resources
Serious problems of socio-economic formation have
become extremely acute, especially in recent years. The recession and the
outbreak of the crisis naturally pushed the solution of the emerging and
increasingly aggravated geoecological problems in the extraction and processing
of mineral resources to the background.
However, the desire to maintain a stable positive
dynamics of the development of the domestic economy at the beginning of the
century, based, of course, on the sharply increased global demand for all types
of natural resources, makes it necessary to directly link the tasks of resource
saving and the revival of the country. Especially this is true of mineral raw materials.
The involvement of chemical, coal, mining,
metallurgical, oil and gas industries, generated as a result of the production
activities of these complexes and components of natural and technogenic
deposits, remains a major national economic task.
Current state of use of waste and man-made raw
materials
On the territory of Kazakhstan, in the dumps, sewage
dumps and tailing dumps of mining and metallurgical complexes, at the beginning
of 2010 alone there were more than 80 billion tons of solid and 1.1 billion
tons of ecologically hazardous waste. During the last five-year plans in the
USSR, 2 billion cubic meters of overburden were stored annually in the dumps,
100 million tons of slag ash, and 140 million tons of dust. According to
available data, today in our country about 15 million tonnes of slag are dumped
annually, and no more than 25-30% of them are used.
Analysis of the use of waste both as a secondary raw
material and for obtaining final products shows that after 2010, only 7.4% of
the class I wastes of waste, only 26.8% of Class II, 9.5% of Class III, and
17.8% of Class IV. The problems of waste processing went beyond the boundaries
of individual regions and developed into international socioeconomic and
geoecological ones.
At the enterprises of the chemical and metallurgical
industries, the implementation of rational modern approaches to management is
impossible without the integrated use of available resources, without the development
and implementation of low-waste and non-waste technologies. On this path,
industrialized countries have long been active and increasingly active. In
countries such as the United States, Germany, Japan, the share of secondary raw
materials in the production of pig iron is 40%, steel - 65%, copper - 20 to
45%, paper production - 26%, cardboard - up to 44%. Constant work is being done
to improve the technologies involved in the production of relevant waste.
Today, large-scale geoecological problems are exposed
in strategically important regions of Kazakhstan: in the Central Industrial, in
the North-Western and East Kazakhstan. The oil production and transportation complex has
had a negative impact on the environment for many years.
Iron ore deposits began to be operated with increasing
intensity more than half a century ago with the release of a significant amount
of silica-hazardous quartz dust and radionuclides, other toxic elements formed
in the processes of mining and metallurgical production.
The functioning of the industry led to the formation
of extensive zones of technogenic impact, which are often close together, which
is environmentally dangerous for the population living in these regions and in
general for the natural environment. In this connection, the problem of
localization and neutralization of technogenic and natural-technogenic objects
especially saturated with harmful substances (mercury, radionuclides, oil
products, etc.) has become extremely acute in recent years. Such facilities
include tailing dumps, sludge dumps and dumps.
The total number of accumulated tailings, for example,
exceeds 320,000 tonnes. Together with non-magnetic fractions (hematite), gold,
uranium and rare-earth elements are discarded in the sludge storage. Together with non-magnetic fractions (hematite), gold,
uranium and rare-earth elements are discarded in the sludge storage. According
to the GP, at least 1.5 tons of gold and 2 tons of uranium are released to the
tailing dumps every year for 30 years. In general, the forecasted resources of
gold are at least 3 tons / year with a gross content of 0.5-0.6 y / t, and in
coarser samples taken from the mouth of the slurry pipelines, the gold content
is in the range 0.2-9 y / t.
These problems are also characteristic for the
activities of the coal mining industry, which is accompanied by the formation
of large dump sites and sludge storage sites and coal basins.
Bibliography
1. Aisautova
S. Decrease in the accumulation of waste MMC // Industry of Kazakhstan. - 2005.
- No. 5 (32).
2.
Dosmukhamedov N., Merkulova V. et al. Processing of industrial waste and
increasing environmental safety of production // Industry of Kazakhstan. -
2009. - No. 6 (57).
3. Sychev
A.P. KIVTSETny method of processing of polymetallic sulphide concentrates. -
Moscow: TsNIIETsvetmet, 1978.
4. Bogatyrev
MF To a new system of rationing of pollutants into the atmosphere // Innovative
developments and improvement of technologies in mining and metallurgical
production: Materials V intern. Conf .: in 2 tons.
5. Kalybekov
T., Suleimenova D. Rational ways of ensuring environmental safety in the
development of mineral deposits // Mining Journal of Kazakhstan. - 2007. - No.
6.