Мадалимова Жанар

The Peculiarities of expressing the Time Correlation in English and Kazakh languages

The opposition of the Perfect and Non perfect form expresses category of time- correlation. And the perfect from denotes precedence of an action to the moment and correlation of an action to this moment. So, meanings of the Perfect forms and their uses are revealed as precedence by time, or as connection with subsequent moment, consequence, completion and successive connection.

It was then that miracle which once hаd helped out Baty occurred for the second time [1 p.10].

In the sentence the Perfect form expresses precedence of an action. And precedence of an action in Kazakh is expressed by the adverb participle.

121 жылы, яғни мешін жылы, Қарақұрымға бағынышты елге жор салып, Үгедей бүкіл Шығыс Ұрпағын жиды [2 р. 5].

Given sentence is formed by complex sentence and consists of two clauses. The first subordinate clause is expressed by connection of ending -ып that is adverb participle салып and precedes the primary action in principle clause жиды.

Precedence can also be expressed by the Present Perfect form and an action precedes to the moment of speech.

Do you know that Sultan Janybek has arrived in order to take part in funeral repast an account of our most beloved daughter’s death? Asked the khan [1 p.16].

As we have said existence of the perfect meaning in Kazakh language, the forms -ған, -ген, -қан, -кен express precedence.

Шыңғысхан он адам бір адамға бағынсын деп бұйырған, ал ол оңбасы бір жүзбасыға бас иген [2р.9].

The role of auxiliary verb eдi in Kazakh language is important. And precedence of an action can be expressed by auxiliary verb еді and the forms of adverb participle -ып, -in.

Бөгенбайдың көзi әлдеқалай Тайманға mүcin кemin eдi, өткен бip жайлар eciнe келді [2р.6].

In given situation precedence is expressed by the Past Perfect form and this action preceding the primary action returned in the past.

Есен-бұға аөзі хан болғаннан кейін, осы кәпір қыздың өлген жеріне Құлпытас орнатқазап, ескерткіш қойдырған [2 р.131].

Given situation is expressed for complex sentence and consists of three clauses, the first two subordinate clauses are formed by participle болғаннан and conjunction кейін, second subordinate clause is formed by adverb participle -n. Both actions don't have tense orientation and correlate to primary action in principal sentence келеді. If an action in principal sentence would have another tense form (Present or Past) an action in subordinate clauses stays invariable.

Sometimes had passed and again the Golden Horde's throne returned to Baty's descendants [1 p. 10].

The meaning of completion disappears; if context reveals an action as iterative.

I have always wanted to hear it [1 p.137].

The moment which is preceding an action indicated by the perfect form is revealed from context. This moment can be any another action successions the first action and indicated non-perfect verbal form. Between two action had just been brought and were already lamenting exist certain correlation - the second action is represented as consequence, from other hand denotes completion of an action. That is why the perfect form in the first verb is used.

Әбілхайыр, Ecіл, Нұрабойын өзіне қаратып, Орда базарда ат шаптырып, балуан күpecmipin, батырларына олжаны бөліп, ұлан-асыр той жасап жатқанда, осы дәйекші Оспан Қожадан арнаулы кici келген.

The sentence is expressed by complex sentence and consists of six clauses. The first four clauses are formed by adverb participle қаратып, шаптырып, күрестіріп,бөліп, and fifth clause is formed by adverb participle жатқан and ending da. The first four subordinate clauses don't have tense orientation and precede to firth? adverb participle жатқанда. And the first adverb participle to primary action in principal sentence келген. This correlation of an action can be seen as simultaneity.

Such kind of correlation of actions with the meaning of simultaneity can also be represented in following sentences.

Мұхаммет–Жөкі алғашқы үйге кіріп келгенде, оны батыр Саян екен деп қалған еді [2 р.110].

Also adverb participle -а, -е, -й expresses simultaneity of an action:

Одан әрi Бийск қаласының солтүстігін ала, Алтай тауының етегінен шығып, қазақ даласының қоршауға айналған [2 р.339].

Given situation is expressed by complex sentence and consist of three clauses. The first subordinate clause is formed by adverb participleала and second subordinate clause is formed by adverb participle шығып. The first subordinate clause is formed by adverb participleала, correlates to second action, шығып and has meaning of simultaneity; the second adverb participle шығып precedes to primary action in principal sentence айналған.

The simultaneity and precedence (anteriority) are very clearly expressed in the past perfect and the future perfect forms.

Then, all of sudden Akkozy had found herself at the foot of the khan's throne and Orak calmly accepted it as a fact [1 p.44].

In the sentence the first action which is expressed by the perfect form correlated to the primary action accepted. Also correlation of the actions as connection with subsequent moment can be expressed in following sentences.

We should have taken Turkestan away from Abulkhair and rid him of his teeth of a long time ago.

When Kobylandy – Batyr opened his eyes he saw a tall and slender young man bending over him, and a stunningly beautiful woman he had already seen somewhere.

In Modern Kazakh language the existence of the Perfect meaning is expressed by Past Tense. In Kazakh language Past Tense has several forms; they are ежелгi өткен шақ, жедел өткен шақ, жай өткен шақ. Synthetic forms of the Past Tenses in Modern Kazakh language are presented with the number of affixes: -ды, -дi, -ты, -mi, -ған, -ген, -қан, -кен, -ып, -in, - п, -атын, -emiн, -итін, -итын.

Each of these affixes has the semantically peculiarities. The form -ды, -дi, - ты, -mi, means denoting, definitions action, the form -ған, -ген, -қан, -кен expresses specific action which took place in the past is used the meaning of Perfect. Analytical form -ып, -in, - n express complicity of one action to another, accomplishment of an action in the past and preceding another action or event.

In Kazakh language expressing the completion and incompletion of an action is indicated by special auxiliary verbs, with adverb participle - n. The auxiliary verbs are following: бол, бітір, кет, кой, сал, қал.

In conclusion, we want to say that the essence of the category of Time Correlation in Modern English is expressed by the Perfect and the Perfect forms give an opportunity to understand an action as precedence and correlating to subsequent moment.

In Kazakh language the forms -ған, -ген, -қан, -кен express the precedence, while the forms -ap, -ер, -р, - a, -е, -й express a simultaneous action. Adverb participle -ғалы, -гелі, -қалы, келі has two temporal meaning:

1) Meaning of precedence to the primary action;

2) Meaning of subsequence to the primary action.

REFERENCES

1. Esenberlin I. Trilogy. The Nomads. Almaty. The Ilyas Esenberlin foundation. 2000. Translatedby О Shorakaev.

2. Есенберлин І. Көшпендiлер Алматы. Есенберлин атындағы қор. 2002

3. Бархударов JI.С., Штелинг Д.А. Грамматика Английского языка. 1973.