Сельское хозяйство/3. Земледелие, грунтоведение и агрохимия

Master of agrochemistry and agrology, Shilova N. I.

RSE "Kostanaysky State University of A.Baytursynov", Kazakhstan

Chief of Kamystinsky RTI Kuriny A.V.

KSI in AIC of the MA of the RK

Graduate student, K.M. Shilova

FSBEI HPE "Omsk state agrarian university of a P. A. Stolypin", Russia

Monitoring of the phytosanitary condition of crops and ensuring phytosanitary safety

Grain cereal cultures in Kostangaysky area occupy 4,0 million hectares of cultivated areas. Under a spring-sown field 3,75 million hectares are occupied [1]. Production intensification, but not expansion of cultivated areas, main source of increase of productivity and gross collecting grain of this culture [2].

Use of appropriate technology of cultivation of culture, steady grades, a variation in optimum limits of terms, depths and norms of seeding, optimization of the food mode and terms of cleaning not always yield desired result. The spring-sown field is strongly damaged by numerous types of wreckers and diseases. Harmful organisms can reduce productivity by 15% and more.

The crop shortage, decrease in its quality often are a consequence of an incorrect assessment of importance of carrying out phytosanitary control and use of protective measures in fight against harmful insects. In this regard the purpose of researches was: carrying out monitoring of the developing phytosanitary situation of agricultural grounds and in crops of a spring-sown field and development of effective protective measures in the conditions of "Sodruzhestvo-98" LLP of the Kamystinsky Area of Kostanay region.

In the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan crops of a spring-sown field are damaged by numerous harmful organisms, such as harmful insects and diseases. Crops in "Sodruzhestvo-98" LLP of the Denisovsky Area of Kostanay region aren't an exception. It is possible to carry to especially dangerous wreckers of a spring-sown field the polyphagous of wreckers – gophers, mice, Elateridae and a Tenebrionidae, But the greatest harm from the polyphagous of insects do to a spring-sown field gregarious and not gregarious аcridoidea, and from specialized wreckers wheat Haplothrips tritici , gray grain a scoop, etc. Protection the vegetating of plants is effective, but expensive reception. Rather high cost of the carried-out processings, risk of unjustified financial expenses, an environmental pressure on environment demand a strict regulation of use of toxic chemicals.

There is obvious a need of transition for application of preparations on a template to specified, the concrete field considering a phytosanitary situation, technology of cultivation, a grade, economic opportunities of economy, a meteocondition of the concrete vegetative period, etc. It is especially important for fields of Northern Kazakhstan with a big variety of a soil cover, weather conditions, productivity, specific structure of wreckers and pathogens.

Gregarious and not gregarious saranchovy wreckers developed in the vegetative period of 2014 on crops of a spring-sown field above an economic threshold of injuriousness. Spring monitoring examination on existence of jugs of the Italian prus was conducted on April 25 [3].

As a result of researches it was established that 400 hectares were populated more than 10 pieces/sq.m, a depth of jugs on 3-5 cm [4]. The amount of eggs in jugs reached 35 pieces, 15% of jugs were partially struck by entomophages – larvae of a bug of a Meloidae). Examination was conducted by method of soil excavation. From autumn and spring moisture on fields of egg were partially in a scattering. On the area of 9,25 thousand hectares of a jug were found on other grounds, on haymakings, long-term herbs, pastures, regions of roads, lakeside sites.

The first single birth of larvae on fields where spring field works (moisture closing) were carried out it was noted on May 16. Thanks to machining warming up of the soil went quicker that promoted an early otrozhdeniye. On agricultural grounds of "Sodruzhestvo" LLP spring and summer inspection on existence of larvae of the Italian prus was carried out on July 8-10. 9650 hectares of agricultural grounds were examined, from them 400 hectares are occupied with crops of a spring-sown field. In all territory the number of the wrecker was more than 10 pieces/sq.m and exceeded an economic threshold of injuriousness. According to the scheme of experiment processing of Dimirony 48%, page was made to. and Daklopridy 20%, century to.

Biological efficiency of the used insecticides was high and was at one level and made in one day after processing at Dimiron - 92%, and Dakloprid has 93%. For the third day efficiency decreased to 86 and 88%, and on the seventh to 86 and 87% respectively.

The accounting of number of an imago of the Calliptamus italicus during the period from an appearance of wings to a laying in the territory of economy was begun on August 8. At this time it was recorded mass years of the wrecker from the Aktyubinsk area, from border territories of the Russian Federation. It is as a result filled in the wrecker from adjacent territories of the Russian Federation, other areas of Kazakhstan, the extended periods of ontogenesis, existence of a large number of laylands, natural herbages, not 100% with biological efficiency of the used insecticides, recession of number and reduction of injuriousness of the Calliptamus italicus in 2015 isn't expected. In summer

Calliptamus italicus is in a stage of a laying and, therefore, the laying of jugs occurs in the territory of economy. Density of jugs makes 22-26 pieces/sq.m. On agricultural grounds of the Denisovsky area excess by Calliptamus italicus ETI was also established and chemical processing of grounds is carried out by insecticides. For June 12 population larvae of the Calliptamus italicus exceeded ETI on the area of 1050 hectares numbering up to 10 pieces/sq.m, this area was planned under processing by insecticides according to the scheme of researches: 1 Control (without processing; 2 Dimiron, 48%; 3 Dakloprid of 20%. The used preparations Dimiron, 48% and Dakloprid, 20% showed high biological efficiency, on average – 91,9 and 91,3% respectively in 1 day after processing.

Along with Calliptamus italicus in the territory of «Sodruzhestvo-98» LLP not gregarious аcridoidea wreckers were widespread. Their specific structure was the following: The Pararcyptera microptera – 85%, a Chorthippus albomarginatus- 15%. The beginning of an birth not gregarious the аcridoidea was noted since May 8 and is dated for long-term herbs, on well warmed up sublime sites. The mass birth began since May 22. Transition the аcridoidea on suburbs of crops of a spring-sown field was noted since June 24 in a phase of the tillering-beginning of an exit in a tube. Weather was favorable for development the аcridoidea, the maximum temperatures in June reached 30-42⁰C. But, despite high temperatures, a spring reserve of moisture I promoted good development of grain crops and a spring-sown field in particular, and also long-term herbs.

In this regard the аcridoidea had sufficient food supply on a virgin soil and long-term herbs and therefore considerable migrations on crops of grain crops is noted. Damage of a sheet plate didn't exceed 0,01%. Number didn't exceed 5 pieces/sq.m. The mass appearance of wings was noted since June 23. The next monitoring was carried out to the same terms. 1100 hectares of long-term herbs, haymakings and pastures were subject to processing. Insecticides Dimiron and Dakloprid were used. Biological efficiency of processing for the 7th day after use of insecticides averaged 91 and 93% respectively.

The beginning of pairing was noted since July 26. Despite favorable weather conditions the period of pairing and a laying was stretched because of not a uniform birth of larvae. When carrying out route inspection not the gregarious saranchovy were observed on crops of a spring-sown field in a phase of dairy and wax ripeness. Dying off Pararcyptera microptera and Chorthippus albomarginatus began in the second decade of September. At an assessment of a physiological condition of jugs it is noted that population them made to 10 pieces/sq.m, amount of eggs to 10 pieces. Patients and the dead of jugs it isn't revealed.

In 2015 further increase of quantity not gregarious the аcridoidea to harmful limits on the bigger square of economy is expected. It is connected with that producers give attention to this wrecker not enough, don't carry out a harrowing of long-term herbs, carry not always out chemical processing at achievement of economic thresholds of injuriousness.

As a result of phytosanitary monitoring of crops of a spring-sown field the specific structure of the wreckers and diseases which exceeded ETI is established and also the most effective insecticides, doses and terms of their application are defined. Biological efficiency of the insecticides used against the Calliptamus italicus was high and made at Dimiron - 92%, Dakloprid – 93%. Not gregarious аcridoidea above ETI 1100 hectares of long-term herbs, haymakings and pastures are occupied.

Literature:

1. Lachinsky A.V. Saranchovye of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and adjacent territories / A.V. Lachinsky, M. G. Sergeyev, M. E. Childebayev, etc.//Larami. – International Association of Applied Akridologiya and University of Wyoming. – 2002. – Page 17-26.

2. Zakharenko, V.A. Ekonomika of protection of plants in market system of agrarian sector: theory and practice/VA. Zakharenko//Phytosanitary improvement of ecosystems: Materials of 2nd Rus. congress on protection of plants. SPb., 2005. – T. 2. – Page 23-31.

3. Methodical indications for the account and identification of harmful and especially dangerous organisms of agricultural grounds. – Astana. – 2009. – 312 pages.

4. Report Kamystinskogo region of the branch of state institution " RMC of PDF" of KSI in AIC of the MA RK. 2014 – page 56-64.