Technology and fallow humus balance in the steppe zone of northern Kazakhstan

Сельское хозяйство/3. Земледелие, грунтоведение и агрохимия

Candidate of agricultural sciences Shilov M.P., second year magistrand Zinchenko A.V.

RSE " Kostanai State University A.Baitursynov " Kazakhstan

TECHNOLOGY AND FALLOW HUMUS BALANCE IN THE STEPPE ZONE OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

The main objective of conservation agriculture is preservation, reproduction and rational use of soil fertility. The most acute problem before conservation tillage Northtion of Kazakhstan, where the saturation of crops, limited sources of humus and the high proportion of complete fallow in the structure of crop rotation -ing substantially complicate the solution. As a result, humus loss over the period of resting 1.5-2.0 t/ha or more. This fact imposes the mark on the entire crop rotation, which ends with a steady rotation of a negative balance of humus.

Of the whole complex of cultural practices aimed at increasing the soil fertility, highlight technology bastard fallow. Its use in combination with effective moisture-accumulating activities, fertilizers and modern herbicides can significantly improve the productivity of rotation and the accumulation of organic matter in the zonal soils.

Experiments were carried out in 2009-2012 on dark chestnut soils Akmola reqion. Objects of study were 4- dipole grain - fallow rotation with alternating crops: fallow (complete, bastard)-wheat-wheat-wheat. Rotation mastered in time and space, research was conducted in the third rotation. Complete fallow preparing to zonal technologies. In a bastard fallow, july 5-10, pea–oat green manure mix with the harvesting at the end of september. Technique field of the main fallow treatment are shown in Table 1 under the second and third plane- wheat carried carved loosening, respectively 10-12 and 20-22 cm. From the fertilizer in the follow field in the applied dose P₈₀ superphosphate kg ctive ingredient 1 ha under wheat in the background of the first bastard fallow N₃₀P₂₀. Overall humus determined by the method of Tyurin. Experience laid in 4 replicates, soil samples were collected from 2 non-adjacent repetitions on all fields of crop rotation at the beginning and end of the rotation. Research results are presented in Table 1 the average for all fields of crop rotation .

As a result found that in a short time various technologies resting influenced mode on the mode of organic matter. And although in the experiment failed to establish statistically significant changes in the content of humus, the same for all 4- rotation dipole rotation emerged clearly visible trend (Table 1) .

Table 1

Changing the humus content in the soil layer 0 - 20 cm for rotation 4- dipole rotation depending on the method of preparation couple %

View of fallow	Humus contents		Humus loss		Annual consumption humus, t / ha
View of fallow	original	finite	absolute	relative	Annual consumption humus, t / ha
Blade loosening 25 -27 cm at the end of fallow (control)
Complete	3,75	3,62	0,13	3,5	0,78
Bastard	3,75	3,71	0,04	1,1	0,24
Tilting the soil without or before ploughing for 10 - 12 cm
Complete	3,75	3,63	0,12	3,2	0,72
Bastard	3,75	3,72	0,03	0,8	0,18
Chisel hoeing at 33 - 35 cm at the end of the fallow
Complete	3,75	3,61	0,14	3,7	0,84
Bastard	3,75	3,70	0,05	1,3	0,30
Plowing on 25 - 27 cm in the middle of fallow
Complete	3,75	3,57	0,18	4,8	1,08
Bastard	3,75	3,69	0,06	1,6	0,36
LSD₀₅			0,20

So, comlete fallow technology that promotes active mineralization and deep processing of post-harvest residues to the final product, significantly reduces the amount of humus substrate. On the background of the failure of energetic material subjected to microbial decomposition and proper soil humic substances. Under subsequent cultures of crop turnover humification processes are not able to compensate current and of the initial (sfallow), the loss of soil organic matter. Therefore, by the end of rotation with fallow develops a well-defined the negative balance of humus. During 4 years of its content in the topsoil decreased by 0.12-0.18 % , or 3.2-4.8% of the initial amount and the annual decline reach 0.72 - 1.08 t/ha.

The most active oxidative processes occurred on the background of deep cultural plowing conducted in the middle of fallow. It marked the most significant changes in stocks of humus. The absolute loss totaled RUR 0.18 % with an average mineralization rate of 1.08 t/ha per year. Beardless plowing methods reduce the rate of decomposition of organic matter, but they still remain quite high. So, at the option of deep subsurface cultivation loosening these figures were respectively 0.13% and 0.78 tons. Similar parameters are formed humus status and background chisel strength loosening by 33-35 cm, fine processing subsurface cultivation fallow humus reserves deficit at the same level. The obtained results indicate that the technology of preparation of pure vapor leads to accelerated loss of humus and reduce potential soil fertility.

More efficiently fund organic soil used in the rotation with a busy ferry. Presence technology shortens fallow fito time unregulated mineralization and release to land postcut crop residues pea-oats mixture compensates for the loss of humus. Activation of microbiological activity spring wheat limited decomposition of organic matter of plant matter, actually humic substances with weakly affected. Therefore, mobilization of soil fruit and rhodium going on here in much smaller amounts than in the rotation with fallow. At the end of the rotation humus manages to stabilize the almost at baseline. His loss of arable layer amounted to only 0.03-0.06 %, while the annual rate of mineralization decreased by more than 2-3 times. These two processes equally to all variants of the basic processing bastard fallow. It should also be noted that seeding fallow-grown crop culture not only reduces the rate of biological erosion, but also limits the flow of humus through other channels, in particular soil erosion and deflation.

The studies should be concluded that the busy steam provides more favorable treatment of organic matter in the back of crop. A reduction in the "pure" fallow, soil enrichment vegetable material, reducing its biogenesis possible to obtain practically non-deficit balance of humus.