Ryzhikh O., Shkurenko A., Kalitinova V.

Postgraduates, 2nd year Major: Anti-Crisis and Arbitration Management, Department of Economics, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation

CURRENT PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGICAL STATE

OF ENVIRONMENT – WAYS AND MEANS OF THEIR SOLVING IN THE TERRITORY OF KRASNODAR

The Territory of Krasnodar is a leader among Russian regions in investment potential and the pace of economic dynamics. The regional economics is based on natural resource, demographic, industrial, technological and infrastructural development factors. The main directions of economic activity in the region have traditionally been agriculture, transport system and recreational area. Conservation of natural systems in the region and maintaining environmental quality standards are fundamental for the creation of favorable life conditions in The Territory of Krasnodar and at the same time essential for the economic security of the country as a whole.

The aim of this report is to fully and realistically reflect the current state of the environment and natural resources in The Territory of Krasnodar, provide an objective description of man’s impact on the environment in the development of industrial and agricultural potential of the region, identify priority environmental problems, trace the dynamics of environmental processes, show the effectiveness of the environmental activities carried out by the authorities and enterprises - nature users and their compliance with the modern standards of environmental safety.

The most important environmental problems of The Territory of Krasnodar are as follows: environmental pollution of solid domestic and industrial waste, pesticides, oil and oil products; emissions into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources; insufficiently treated urban and industrial wastewater discharges into natural reservoirs; burning of crop residues; excessive pollution of natural environment as a result of accidents and disasters; soil, small rivers and fauna degradation; physical degradation of resort area ecosystems, etc.

The main problem-solving directions of environmental issues in The Territory of Krasnodar. First of all for stabilizing and improving the ecological situation in The Territory of Krasnodar it is necessary to refine the legal framework of environmental protection.

In the development and implementation of regional programs for the individual economic sectors growth, implementation of measures for reducing the negative impact on the environment should be provided by introduction of up-to-date energy saving technologies as well as the construction of facilities reducing the negative impact on the environment.

High social significance of the above mentioned problems and ways of their solution are obvious. Standard of living and health are directly related to the quality of the environment. Sustainable socio-economic development considering the interests of nature protection is expensive. In this regard, special attention is also paid to the improvement of nature management economic instruments.

Municipal unit resort city Sochi. In preparation for Winter Olympic Games 2014 in Sochi it is planned to construct or reconstruct 248 objects and organize 39 events. Program’s Coordinator is the Department of The Territory of Krasnodar on authority implementation in preparation for Winter Olympic Games 2014. Sochi area within the administrative boundaries amounts to 350 hectares; almost the whole area is covered by forest. The share of Sochi National Park is 192 hectares, or 55% of the total city area. The analysis of the impact on the environment produced by different sectors of economic activities and its state has allowed identifying the main environmental problems of the city Sochi at present and ranking them by importance. «Initiative 3R» - Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, which underlies the concept of waste management «Zero Waste», is to be implemented in Sochi in preparation for the Olympic Games. The «Initiative 3R» implementation is probably the main requirement of International Olympic Committee for host cities apart from the commitment to build sports facilities.

Environmental contamination by industrial and domestic waste is an especially acute environmental problem in the area of the resort city Sochi. 233,549.6 tons of household and industrial waste emerged in the territory of the municipality in 2011. About 100 spontaneous dumps were eliminated as well. The volume of solid waste in the city is increasing owing to population and holiday-makers growth. The negative impact of waste on Sochi environment has remained urgent for many years and it requires an integrated approach. The most common way of waste disposal in the resort city Sochi is its storage in a landfill, set up in the sanitary protection zone II in the valley Bitkh (Looskaya Dump). It is a powerful source of environmental contamination, which has been confirmed by the research.

There is a difficult situation with a storm water sewer as well. The storm overflow is not cleaned, storm sewers are clogged and slugged and everything is carried into the rivers and the Black Sea.

The following nature-conservative measures were implemented as on 01.01.2012 for solving sewerage problems in the resort and for power increase of the existing treatment facilities (Slide 1).

The main source of air pollution is emissions from mobile sources - 85% of total emissions. Sochi car park is increasing annually. Approximately 160 thousand vehicles were recorded as on 01.01.2011. The situation is getting much worse during the holiday period when maximum simultaneous presence of vehicles in the city is 250 thousand units. Poorly developed road infrastructure increases the level of air pollution. The main causes of high pollution are as follows: the passage of major transit traffic through populated areas, lack of detours, and mismatch capacity of the existing roads.

There are 129 boiler rooms operating in the territory of the resort city Sochi, 65% of which are working on coal, 27% on fuel oil (fuel oil) and only 8% - on natural gas. They account for about 50% of all emissions. Another source of air pollution is large enterprises, such as LLC "Plant of Building Materials", concrete goods in Adlersky district and others.

High recreational load of the resort area. Every year in the summer period Sochi resorts experience problems that exceed all permissible levels, which leads to disastrous consequences. One of the most burning questions is the lack of beach areas due to annually increasing number of tourists. At present the number of beaches in Sochi amounts to 157 with a total area suitable for recreational use accounting for 1432 square meters. With the current maximum load there is a lack of 1041 square meters.

The negative water impact in the city of Sochi is manifested in the form of flooding, destruction of riverbanks and under flooding of lowland areas and it manifests itself in varying degrees throughout the area. 18,960 people reside in the area of the negative water impact. In 2011 some measures were undertaken to identify the sites most vulnerable to negative water impact - 34 sites were defined altogether. To reduce the negative effects of water in Sochi rivers it is necessary to clear riverbeds from tree debris, burden of river drift, especially in estuarine areas for the passage of spring floods.

Black Sea shore reduction in the city of Sochi rates annually from 2 to 5 cm. It has been noted that the intensity and the number of factors of man’s impact on the coastal zone are constantly increasing. In most cases, this impact is purely negative.

The state of environmental monitoring programs development in Sochi. Automated environment monitoring stations started working in Sochi as a part of an integrated environmental monitoring system in the Olympic venues. The equipment installed on posts allows to monitor the air quality continuously. With its help it is possible to measure concentrations of major pollutants: carbon monoxide, oxide and nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. In addition to this according to the report meteorological data are collected automatically: temperature, humidity, pressure, wind velocity and direction. Water bodies monitoring was used to determine the hydro chemical state of such rivers as: Sochi, Mzymta, Psou, Malaya Herota and their major tributaries such as the river Mzymta (Laura, Beshenka). Its main purpose was to assess the water bodies hydro chemical state in accordance with Monitoring Program of water bodies located in the construction area of Olympic facilities in Sochi.

Suspended solids concentration depends on the type of the river inflow. Thus, in high-water period with the dominating rain inflow, the concentration of suspended matter was maximal, in the limiting period with dominating glaciers inflow, and in the low-water period the amount of suspended solids was minimal.

It should be noted that together with storm overflow the riverbed received a large amount of suspended solids from construction sites. The main reason for suspended solids increase is the preparation of the sites for the construction of Olympic facilities, which leads to soil cover damage and, as a consequence, aggravates erosion processes.

Therefore active work on development and implementation of a unified information-analytical data system concerning environment state is under way (Unified information-analytical system (UIAS) of Ministry of Russian Natural Resources, «Sochi-2014»). The system includes, in particular, a comprehensive environmental monitoring of Sochi National Park and surrounding areas (including UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site «Western Caucasus») during construction of new facilities and after putting them in operation. The work connected with water bodies monitoring in accordance with «Monitoring program of water bodies located in the area of Olympic facilities construction in Sochi» is in progress.

In 2011 compared with 2010 (2,180,858.50 rubles) the amount for environmental protection allocated by municipal administrations declined by more than 353 million rubles. The main issues of environmental protection, which were financed from the local budget in 2011 were as follows:

¾ maintenance of districts sanitary conditions;

¾ landscaping and improvement of the municipal territory;

¾ restoration of solid waste landfills (installation of fences, fire reservoir equipment, planning and garbage dumps compression, etc.) and the purchase of specialized equipment;

¾ water protection measures (construction and reconstruction of deep release outlets in municipalities located on the sea coast, repair, renovation of the existing and construction of new sewage treatment plants, sewage system development, including storm water sewer system, landscaping of water protection zones, etc.);

¾ disposal of pesticides.

It should be noted that environmental protection measures that require significant financial investments, such as a construction of United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC), deep release outlets, landfills, etc., are carried out on terms of co-financing from other sources (regional and federal budgetary funds, attraction of investors).

The Olympic Principle of «zero waste» in action. Since December 2010, taking into account the scale of Olympic construction, The Territory of Krasnodar administration has managed to make a breakthrough in production and consumption waste management in the city of Sochi.

The first step was the development of the project «Unified transportation and waste processing scheme in the preparation and holding of the Olympic Games 2014 in Sochi». The total amount of construction waste to be disposed of amounts to 600 thousand tons. The public corporation «Olimpstroi» selected dump sites, developed a system of recycling and disposal.

In general, the modernization of refuse disposal system in the resort includes construction of facilities for biological waste utilization, as well as for the collecting, utilization and recycling of solid waste. The complex for the collecting, utilization and recycling of solid waste into environmentally friendly building products is almost ready for commissioning. The construction of solid waste landfill in the area between Buu and Khobzy is another item of the Program. The matter of compliance with sanitary-epidemiological rules and norms intended to be used for landfill land area of just over 10 hectares will be considered by the territorial department after submission of materials on design and exploratory work activities carried out on the supposed location of the landfill.

All of the above measures will finally help to solve the problem of solid waste allocation in the territory of Sochi and to process it according to the Olympic Principle of «zero waste».