Protsyuk N. Y.
graduate student of
chair «crisis management, taxes and taxation»
Kuban State University,
Krasnodar, Russian Federation
NEED
OF THE ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AT MANAGEMENT OF THE
INNOVATIVE
PROJECT
This article examines
the inverse relationship of innovation and the environment. The more humanity
produces technological discoveries, the higher the level of environmental crisis.
To reduce the likelihood of environmental collapse is necessary to change the
classic innovation development for innovative growth with the environmental
concepts. One of the main conditions is the need for environmental analysis and
environmental evaluation of the development of an innovative project – «greening»
of innovation.
Keywords: environmental analysis, environmental assessment of the project, the
environmental effectiveness of innovation, greening, eco-innovation.
At
the final stage V technological structure (2013-2020 gg.) and during the
transition to a technological system VI (2020-2030 gg.) innovation and innovative
activity sequence will become increasingly important to the success of modern
enterprises, thus creating new technological revolution (NBIC-technology
revolution), based on the convergence of nano-(N), bio- (B), information (I)
and cognitive technologies (C). However, the results of the accelerating pace
of NBIC-technology revolution has its downside. It should be understood that
the expected positive economic impact of innovation does not always take into
account environmental factors, and can adversely affect the ecosystem. Perfect
from the technological point of view, the project could lead to unpredictable
consequences after implementation. Thus, there was a problem of environmental
analysis of innovation, that is, the need to integrate of ecological factors at
a stage of development and deployment of an innovation.
Consideration environmental aspects of innovative
projects (IP) is a traditional practice of foreign investors (financial
institutions, banks, funds, etc.). The purpose of this review - to avoid or
minimize the severity of the environmental problems that may arise during the
implementation of IP. Therefore, in most developed countries, ecological
analysis (EAn) and ecological assessment (EAs) has become an integral part at
development stages and evaluation of IP, as well as to monitor its implementation.
Ecological analysis
- this
is the initial analysis of environmental problems (nonconformities) related to
the specific design of the innovation, which resulted in an innovative company
determines the nature and extent of its impact on the environment [2]. The
results of the analysis of the company make better decisions assigned to it
environmental objectives. Typically, this analysis is made in the development of
IP. Revealed that the implementation of the EAn is not set standards ISO 14000.
Therefore, this analysis does not necessarily hold all the innovative companies,
but only those who rely on financial support from external donors - banks,
funds, etc.
We performed an analysis of all possible environmental factors and
systematize them into a single table phases of the EAn, which can be used on
any innovative enterprise in the development of IP in any area of
NBIC-technology (Figure 1).
1. A preliminary ecological analysis of IP 1.1. The analysis of
external objects (users) Environmental Safety - Evaluation of the regulatory requirements in the buffer zone
between the enterprise and residential areas; - Evaluation of compliance with
environmental zoning, environmental insurance and other requirements in the
legal and regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental protection. 1.2. Analysis of
internal elements that influence environmental security - Identification of
dangerous industrial processes and processes using toxic materials; - Analysis of the
impact of technology on the environment; - Analysis of the
potential hazards arising from misuse of the selected technology, negligence,
etc.; - Evaluation and
selection of special measures for the control of air, water, and noise or
high-frequency acoustic influences. 1.3. Formation of ecological passports IP - Evaluation and selection of treatment facilities; - Comparison of the costs of environmental protection and the impact
of the chosen technology; - Evaluation of reuse in the production of waste, waste water, waste
air and the like; - Definition of environmental tax payable, the fee for the right of
use of fauna and water biological resources, etc. 2. Calculation of
environmental parameters that are valid for a given IP 3. Selection
processes and approaches to IP, meet the requirements and criteria for
environmental management, providing rational The combination of the
economic interests of IP and environmental standards
Figure 1 - Stages of the ecological
analysis of the innovation project
Source:
The scheme developed by the author
Ecological Assessment - this
estimation procedure finished IP, aimed at identifying environmental risks of
its implementation, and provides control over the environment in mind the law
of the country where the IP will be implemented in the supporting
documentation. [2]
Thus, we can notice that carrying out EAn isn't obligatory, but it is
welcomed by foreign donors of IP and it is made by internal experts of the
innovative company, while EAs is a compulsory procedure when financing IP from the state budget and
it is made by external independent experts.
In the practice of evaluation of IP are applied various methods EAs: methods of direct and indirect estimation,
methods based on the definition of utility.
The most common
methods of direct assessment. They are based on the accounting of direct
changes of environment as a result of the project. Direct assessment allows
calculates the changes of growth of volume output (for example, the growth of
agricultural production on agricultural fields under the influence of forest
shelter belts), loss of income (for example, due to absenteeism due to health
disorders, as a result of air pollution and water) or increased costs (for
example, the construction of water treatment facilities and other costs
required for carrying environmental measures).
Practice of using
the indirect method is the following: when calculating the cost-effectiveness
of the "usual" prices, market prices are replaced by so-called
"shadow" prices, «boarder» prices, which include a cost assessment of
influence of the project on environment. That is, market prices are adjusted
taking into account indirect influence of ecological factors on indicators of
efficiency of the project, for example limit increase in value of property
thanks to an environment factor, salary change by the worker because of
improvement or deterioration of working conditions, etc.
Methods based on the definition of utility, are reduced to estimation
of cost of replacement of the benefits, provided by environment, which are
destroyed by the project. In other words, when using this method, experts are
trying to answer the question: "How many money people will be ready to pay
to preserve some natural good?" For this purpose is often applied
conditional estimation: interviews of people to determine what price they are
willing to pay for benefit or agree to accept a compensation for the expenses
incurred. When using this method may be a large range of opinions depending on
the structure of the questionnaire and the income of the respondents. When
object of examination is readiness to accept a payment for the caused damage to
environment, the income, as a rule, has smaller impact on the received values [3].
Figure
2 - General scheme of environmental
analysis and evaluation of the innovative project on degree of its ecological
efficiency
(Source: The scheme developed
by the author)
The
development of EAs in Russia is directly related to the expansion of the influence
of international financial institutions such as the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD), always using the procedure EAs for preparation IP and undertake
considerable efforts to that EAs became usual practice and for the Russian
state and commercial banks.
Natural resources Technological process Investments Refuse Environment Production of an innovative product Revenues from sales Profit Payments for impact on environment À. Stages of the
innovation project without environmental requirements
Natural resources Technological process Investments Refuse Production of an
innovative product Revenues from sales Profit Investments in waste
treatment - eco-innovation Technological process Production of the product Revenues from sales “În the ñradle to ñradle”
Á. Stages of the
innovative project taking into account ecological
requirements
Figure 3 - Comparison of the
classical scheme of the innovative project
and the innovative
project taking into account the ecological concept
(Source: The scheme developed by the author)
Figure 3 shows an example of the transformation from the traditional
concept of IP to environmentally secured, that is tailored to the environmental
requirements directed, including, on minimization of technogenic impact on
environment.
The relevance of the comparison clearly shown in the movie «În the ñradle to ñradle design concept» chemist M. Brongarta and architect William
McDonald, debuted in 2006 at the Beijing International Film Festival of popular
movies [1]. The meaning of the film is the fact that natural resources are
depleted, and the production and consumption is rapidly increasing. Excessive
production worldwide is huge and if do not change the existing paradigm, all
the earth's resources soon turn into one big "dump." Therefore, we
must strive to ensure that the waste products would be "food" for the
biosphere or the raw material for new production and consumption [1]. This
concept of the filmmakers figuratively called "on the cradle to
cradle", and in this article the concept shown in Figure 3 B.
Thus, the main directions of the following industrial revolution -
NBIC-technology revolution, for example, have to become:
ü production of an innovative product in a way that at the end of the life
cycle materials of which the product is made, would become a new resource - the
eco-innovation;
ü construction buildings in a way that energy necessary for their
functioning was renewable, and the building became organic part of environment.
We should say that now in developed countries leading firms such as
General Electric, Johnson & Johnson and several others, to assess the
effectiveness of an innovation project are trying to take into account the
impact of environmental and social factors. To stimulate innovation in view of
environmental factors in these countries launched a network of so-called «green
bank», whose task, in particular, is the consists in preferential crediting
such IP. Of course, this is only the first steps to ensure that in the near
future any significant IP passed environmental review.
An environmental assessment performed by the investor in the preparation
of IP to finance, helping to control compliance with environmental legal
requirements of the country in the preparation, implementation of IP and
promotes «greening» investments. In Russia, the EAs procedure are formed,
proceeding from requirements of the national legislation, traditions,
practices, project preparation and making decisions on financing. Any decision
on the possibility of financing a particular IP is accepted only if a positive
conclusion of the state environmental examination.
In view of the above, we can conclude that the present economic system
can come to a crisis due to misunderstanding of the influence of environmental
laws on the development of modern society. Therefore, it is necessary to pay
much attention to the ecological analysis and ecological assessment of
innovative projects with a view to reduce the likelihood of global ecological
collapse.
References:
1 Brown L. Fortune Brainstorm Conference // Aspen, CO. - USA, 2006.
2 KANERVA, M., ARUNDEL, A., KEMP, R. Environmental innovation: Using
qualitative models to identify indicators for policy // Working paper series. -
UNUMERIT, Maastricht, 2009. No. 47. 54 p
3. MULKI, S., HINGE, A. Green Investment Horizons: Effects of Policy on
the Market for Building Energy Efficiency Technologies // Working paper. -
World Resources Institute, 2010. 39 p.