Ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå íàóêè/

Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû ïåðåâîäà

Êàçáåêîâà Ì., ìàãèñòð ôèëîëîãèè Ëó÷êîâà Ã.Ä.

Óíèâåðâèòåò «Òóðàí», ã.Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí

The translation problems and peculiarities of making English-Kazakh and Kazakh-English dictionaries.

 

It’s well known that we can’t imagine studying any language in the world without such an important thing as a dictionary. It is obvious that it plays the most leading role in studying a language. But there’s such a problem as what kind of a dictionary we must choose to improve our speech skills day by day.

The theme of the report is urgent because any pupil, student and even experienced teacher whose activity is closely connected with studying or teaching a language constantly needs a good dictionary which can always help at any time.

We all know how useful a bilingual dictionary can be in providing a quick translation for something when we don’t know a simple concrete word which translates easily. On the other hand a good well-organized monolingual dictionary can help a lot.

Let’s begin by looking at meaning. You know that one word can have a whole range of different meanings, some of them very similar to each other and some completely different. Which definition should you choose? Well, the first way in which a dictionary can help is by listing a meaning so that the most common or frequent comes first and at least common comes last. A good dictionary will also provide example sentences for each of the different meanings; it can solve a lot of problems if you can see how the word is actually used in a sentence.

The example sentence should also help with understanding the way the word combines with other words in a sentence. For example, you can’t really use a verb unless you know that it should be followed by a gerund or an infinitive or «that» clause or whatever.

Another important thing is the use of certain preposition after some adjectives which a dictionary will prompt to you. Besides, dictionaries give examples of common compounds and phrases which include the word you’ve looked up.

The example sentences can give you quite a lot of information about the grammar of the word you’re interested in; but it isn’t the only way in which a dictionary provides grammatical information. A dictionary will indicate to what word class a word belongs. A well-thought-out dictionary will also have a system of abbreviations or symbols to tell you, for example, whether a noun is countable, whether a verb is transitive or intransitive and so on. You won’t be able to use a word correctly in a sentence unless you know the answers to such questions.

There are some sites where we can translate from Russian into Kazakh language:

“Wikipedia” ; “Ñөç àíà” electronic dictionary ; IZET Tilmash 1.5; ÑөçÊөìåê 4.0; sozdik.kz (Kazakh-Russian and Russian-Kazakh dictionary); “ABBYY Lingvo” (Kazakh-Russian and Russian-Kazakh dictionary); http://lingvo.yandex.ru(Kazakh-Russian and Russian-Kazakh dictionary); http://www.kaz-rus.kz by N. Sauranbaev; http://www.kazakh-glossary.com by Lena Leneshmeadt (over the 455 836 phrases); http://massagan.com/sozdik.php (Kazakh- Enlish -Russian- dictionary); http://www.termin.kz (Russian-English dictionary)

It should be noted “ABBYY Lingvo” electronic dictionary, because it translates from Kazakh into Russian and also vice versa. Unfortunately it cannot translate from English into Kazakh in direct way.

In many cases the dictionary translates wrong. For example: in the site of sozdik.kz the word « ïî íî÷àì» it is translated as «òүíäå-òүíäå», the correct translation will be «әð òүíäå».[1]

The English-Russian-Kazakh dictionary by Lena Leneshmeadt. We may find it’s linguistic and technological obligations are wrong.[2]

 

 

 

English

              Kazakh

Russian

Few minutes

á³òåãåíå

íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò

Short time

Á³òåãåíå

ìàëîå âðåìÿ

Abate

-

äåëàòü ñêèäêó

Able bodied

Äәä³ë

Çäîðîâûé

Bold

Äәä³ë

ñìåëûé

 

“Few minutes” is translated into Russian correctly, but in Kazakh it is translated as “á³ðíåøå ìèíóòòàð”, “short time”- “àç óàқûò”, “able bodied”- “äåí³ ñàó”, “bold”- “áàòûë and the word “abate” is translated as “æåң³ëä³ê æàñàó It means that we must consider Kazakh electronic and book format dictionaries in lexicographical system. 

How to translate gerund into Kazakh language? The gerund translates into Kazakh language by force of following:

1.    As an infinitive

She stopped answering my letters. – Îë ìåí³ң õàòòàðûìà æàóàï áåðóä³ қîéäû.

2.    As a noun

After finishing school he went on an expedition.- Ìåêòåïò³ á³ò³ðãåííåí ñîң îë ýêñïåäèöèÿғà àòòàíäû.

3.    As an adverbial participle

In examining the manuscript the historian discovered a curious detail.- Қîëæàçáàëàðäû қàðàñòûðà îòûðûï, ғàëûì á³ð қûçûқ äåðåêêå òàï áîëäû.

4.       As subordinating
This volume differs from the previous in embracing a wider range of subjects.- Îñû òîìíûң àëäûңғûëàðûíàí àéûðìàøûëûғû, îíûң ñұðàқòàðäûң êåң àÿñûí қàìòóûíäà áîëäû.

Infinitive usually used after the following verbs

agree –қîëäàó; prepare — äàéûíäàó; intend — íèåòòåíó; appear – êөð³íó;
learn –
á³ëó, îқó; arrange — ұéûìäàñòûðó; manage – қîëûíàí êåëó; ask – ñұðàó; mean — ìàғûíàñûíäà; claim –ìîéûíäàó; offer — ұñûíó; consent – êөíó;
plan —
æîñïàðëàó; decide – øåø³ì øûғàðó; demand – òàëàï åòó; pretend – åëåñòåòó;deserve – òұðàðëûқ áîëó; promise – óәäå áåðó; expect – òîñó, êүòó; refuse – áàñ òàðòó; fail – ñәòñ³çä³êòåðãå ұøûðàó;  seem — åëåñòåó; forget — ұìûòó; threaten — қîðқûòó; wait — êүòó; hope – үì³ò àðòó, үì³òòåíó; want — қàëàó.

For example:
We hope to buy a car. – Á³ç ìàøèíàíû ñàòûï àëóäà үì³òòåíåì³ç.
You expected to get all information you need. –
Ñåí ñàғàí êåðåêò³ áàðëûқ ìәëåìåòòåðä³ àëàòûíäûғûí êүòò³í.
He doesn’t want to produce these goods. –
Îíûң áұë òàóàðëàðäû øûғàðғûñû êåëìåéä³.
You want to use a new computer –
Ñåí³ң æàңà êîìïüþòåðä³ қîëäàíғûí êåëåä³.
He deserves to be sent to peison –
Îë îíû òүðìåãå қàìàóғà òұðàðëûқ.

Gerund is usually used after the following verbs:

forbid – ðұқñàò áåðìåó; admin — ìîéûíäàó; mention –åñêå ñàëó; appreciate — áàғàëàó; miss — өòê³çó; avoid — қàøқàқòàó; postpone – àðòқà қàëäûðó; regret — өê³íó; complete — á³ò³ðó; practise – òәæ³ðåáåëåó; consider – áàғàëàó; quit – қàëäûðó, òîқòàòó; delay – àðòқà қàëäûðó; recall- åñêå òүñ³ðó; deny – ìîéûíäàìàó, òåð³ñòåó; recommend — ұñûíó; discuss — òàëқûëàó; risk – òәóåêåëãå áàðó; enjoy – ëәççàò àëó; suggest — ұñûíó; finish — á³ò³ðó; tolerate — øûäàókeep – ұñòàó, æàëғàñòûðó; understand — òүñ³íó

For example:
He enjoys talking to you. –
Îë ñåí³ìåí әңã³ìåëåñóäåí ëәççàò àëàäû.
They postponed leaving. –
Îëàð æîë æүðóä³ àðòқà қàëäûðäû.
They stopped firing. –
Îëàð àòòûñóäû òîқòàòòû.
He regrets being unable to help. –
Îë êөìåêòåñå àëìàéòûíû үø³í өê³íåä³.

Gerund is used after this combinations of words:
approve of something –
á³ð íәðñåí³ қîëäàó; insist on smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ òàëàï åòó; be better off – åң æàқñû êүéäå/ æàғäàéäà áîëó; keep on doing smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ ³ñòåóä³ æàëғàñòûðó; can’t help doing smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ ³ñòåìåéãå òұðà àëìàó; look forward to smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ øûäàìñûç êүòó; count on smth – á³ð íәðñåãå үì³òòåíó; object to doing smth – á³ð íәðñåãå қàðñû áîëó; don’t mind- қàðñû áîëìàó; think about smth – á³ð íәðñå òóðàëû îéëàó; forget about smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ ұìûòó; think of smth – á³ð íәðñå òóðàëû îéëàó; get through smth – á³ð íәðñåäåí өòó.

For example:
He couldn’t help laughing. –
Îë êүëê³äåí òұðà àëìàäû.
You should think about taking this examination. –
Ñàғàí áұë åìòèõàíäû òàïñûðó òóðàëû îéëàíó êåðåê.
They insist on paying immediately. –
Îëàð äåðåó àқû òөëåóä³ òàëàï åòò³.
He doesn’t mind getting up early. –
Îëàð åðòå òұðóғà қàðñûëûқ á³ëä³ðãåí æîқ.
Mother object to his smoking too much. –
Àíàì îíûң ñîíøàëûқ òåìåêåí³ êөï òàðòóûíà қàðñû áîëäû.

After the verbs to remember, to forget, to stop we can use a gerund and infinitive, in this way the meaning of sentence changed. Compare:
I remember meeeting him for the first time five years ago. –
Ìåí³ң îíû 5 æûë áұðûí àëғàø ðåò қàëàé êåçäåñò³ðãåí³ì åñ³ìäå.
I must remember to meet him at the station next Saturday. –
Ìåí îíû êåëåñ³ ñåíá³ êүí³ ñòàíöèÿäà êүò³ï àëóäû ұìûòûï êåòïåó³ì òè³ñ.
Jake completely forgot buying two pounds of sugar the day before. –
Äæåéê àëäûãүí³ қàëàé åê³ ôóíò қàíòòû ñàòûï àëғàíûí ìүëäå ұìûòûï êåòò³.
Jake forgot to buy sugar although I reminded him twice about it. -
Ìåí îғàí áұë òóðàëû åê³ ðåò åñ³íå ñàëñàì äà, Äæåéê áәð³á³ð қàíòòû ñàòûï àëóäû ұìûòûï êåòò³.
“Stop talking!”, the teacher shouted in exasperation. –
Ìұғàë³ìÑөçä³ äîғàðûңäàð!” – äåï àøóëàíûï àéғàëàäû.
They stopped to talk the matter over in detail. –
Îëàð áұë ³ñò³ íàқòûëàï òàëқûëàó үø³í òîқòàäû.
I remember visiting Rome last summer. It was great! –
Ìåí³ң өòêåí æûëû Ðèìãå êåëãåí³ì åñ³ìäå. Áұë òàìàøà áîëäû!
Please, remember to post the letter at the Central Post Office! –
Өò³íåì³í, õàòòû îðòàëûқ ïî÷òàäàí æ³áåðóä³ ұìûòïà.

The online dictionaries translate the following sentences word by word.

We tried to translate these sentences as correctly as it possible. [3]

English

Incorrect

Kazakh

I was out when he came. 

Ìåí áîëғàí æîқïûí қàøàí îë êåëãåí.

Îë êåëãåíäå ìåí үéäå áîëғàí æîқïûí.

I don’t know what you mean.

Ìåí á³ëìåéì³í íå ñåí îéëàéñûң.

Ñåí³ң íå àéòûï òұðғàíûíäû á³ëìåéì³í.

The book you gave me is very interesting. 

ʳòàï ñ³ç ïåðãåí ìàғàí өòå қûçûқòû.

ѳç áåðãåí ê³òàï қûçûқòû åêåí. 

Had I been there, I should have helped him.

Áîëғàí ìåí ñîë æåðäå ìåí áàð êөìåêòåñò³ îғàí.

Åãåð ìåí ñîë æåðäå áîëғàíäà, îғàí êөìåêòåñåò³í åä³ì.

He said he would call in the morning.

Îë àéòòû îë õàáàðëàñó òàңåðòåң.

Îë òàңåðòåң õàáàðëàñàòûíûí àéòòû.

 

There are no dictionaries which can translate phraseological units from English into Kazakh language directly. We ought to use Russian as an intermediary language between English and Kazakh languages.

Translation of phraseological units.

English

Russian

Kazakh

Stew in one's own juice

Âàðèòüñÿ â ñîáñòâåííîìó ñîêó

Өç³ìåí-өç³ áîëó

to spread oneself

Ëåçòü âîí èç êîæè

Òûðàøòàíó

queer smb.'s pitch

Ïîäëîæèòü ñâèíüþ

қàñòûқ ³ñòåó

take smth in all good faith

Ïðèíèìàòü çà ÷èñòóþ ìîíåòó

øûíғà áàëàó

apple of discord

ßáëîêî ðàçäîðà

åãåñò³ң áàñû

pull the wool over smb's eyes

Âîäèòü çà íîñ

Àëäàó

cherish as the apple of one's eye

Áåðå÷ü êàê çåíèöó îêà

êөçä³ң қàðàøûғûíäàé ñàқòàó

it is pitch-dark

Õîòü ãëàçà âûêîëè

êөçãå òүðòñå êөðã³ñ³ç

hair stand on end

Âîëîñû âñòàëè äûáîì 

òөáå øàøû ò³ê òұðó

vanish without a trace, vanish into thin air

Êàê â âîäó êàíóë

æåð æұòқàíäàé

on top of the world

Íà ñåäüìîì íåáå

òөáåñ³ êөêêå æåòó

neither fish, nor fowl

Íè ðûáà, íè ìÿñî

åò òå åìåñ, áàëûқ òà åìåñ

as like as two peas in a pod

Êàê äâå êàïëè âîäû 

åê³ òàìøû ñóäàé

Birds of a feather flock together

Ðûáàê ðûáàêà âèäèò èçäàëåêà 

áàëûқøû áàëûқøûíû àëûñòàí êөðåä³

better late than never

Ëó÷øå ïîçäíî, ÷åì íèêîãäà

åøòåí êåø æàқñû

 

So we can’t imagine our studying or work without lexicography because any pupil, student and even experienced teacher whose activity is closely connected with studying or teaching a language constantly needs a good dictionary which can always help at any time.

 During carrying out the research the special methods of scientific researches with using of a state (Kazakh) language as core will be developed. It is very important, since in Kazakhstan there are no textbooks in Kazakh on the theory and practice of translation, there is no dictionary base while translating from Kazakh.

 

The list of used literature:

1.     sozdik.kz

2.     http://www.kazakh-glossary.com by Lena Leneshmeadt

3.     http://www.translate.meta.ua. (English-Kazakh online dictionary)

4.     David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Second Edition) - Cambridge University Press, 2003.

5.     Borisova L.M., Fomenko O.V., Introduction to English Philology – Kolomna, 2004.

6.     Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1996.

7.     Benson M, Benson E, The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English Language – Amsterdam, 1986.