Ôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå
íàóêè/
Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû ïåðåâîäà
Êàçáåêîâà Ì., ìàãèñòð ôèëîëîãèè Ëó÷êîâà
Ã.Ä.
Óíèâåðâèòåò «Òóðàí», ã.Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí
The translation
problems and peculiarities of making English-Kazakh and Kazakh-English
dictionaries.
It’s well known that we can’t imagine studying any
language in the world without such an important thing as a dictionary. It is
obvious that it plays the most leading role in studying a language. But there’s
such a problem as what kind of a dictionary we must choose to improve our
speech skills day by day.
The theme of the report is urgent because any pupil,
student and even experienced teacher whose activity is closely connected with
studying or teaching a language constantly needs a good dictionary which can
always help at any time.
We all know how useful a bilingual dictionary can be
in providing a quick translation for something when we don’t know a simple
concrete word which translates easily. On the other hand a good well-organized
monolingual dictionary can help a lot.
Let’s begin by looking at meaning. You know that one
word can have a whole range of different meanings, some of them very similar to
each other and some completely different. Which definition should you choose?
Well, the first way in which a dictionary can help is by listing a meaning so
that the most common or frequent comes first and at least common comes last. A
good dictionary will also provide example sentences for each of the different
meanings; it can solve a lot of problems if you can see how the word is
actually used in a sentence.
The example sentence should also help with
understanding the way the word combines with other words in a sentence. For
example, you can’t really use a verb unless you know that it should be followed
by a gerund or an infinitive or «that» clause or whatever.
Another important thing is the use of certain
preposition after some adjectives which a dictionary will prompt to you.
Besides, dictionaries give examples of common compounds and phrases which
include the word you’ve looked up.
The
example sentences can give you quite a lot of information about the grammar of
the word you’re interested in; but it isn’t the only way in which a dictionary
provides grammatical information. A dictionary will indicate to what word class
a word belongs. A well-thought-out dictionary will also have a system of
abbreviations or symbols to tell you, for example, whether a noun is countable,
whether a verb is transitive or intransitive and so on. You won’t be able to
use a word correctly in a sentence unless you know the answers to such
questions.
There are some sites where we
can translate from Russian into Kazakh language:
“Wikipedia” ; “Ñөç
àíà” electronic dictionary ; IZET Tilmash 1.5; ÑөçÊөìåê 4.0; sozdik.kz (Kazakh-Russian and
Russian-Kazakh dictionary); “ABBYY Lingvo” (Kazakh-Russian and Russian-Kazakh dictionary); http://lingvo.yandex.ru(Kazakh-Russian and
Russian-Kazakh dictionary); http://www.kaz-rus.kz by N. Sauranbaev; http://www.kazakh-glossary.com by Lena Leneshmeadt
(over the 455 836
phrases); http://massagan.com/sozdik.php (Kazakh- Enlish
-Russian- dictionary); http://www.termin.kz (Russian-English
dictionary)
It should be noted “ABBYY
Lingvo” electronic dictionary, because it translates from
Kazakh into Russian and also vice versa. Unfortunately it cannot translate from
English into Kazakh in direct way.
In many cases the dictionary translates wrong.
For example: in the site of sozdik.kz the word « ïî
íî÷àì» it is translated as «òүíäå-òүíäå», the correct
translation will be «әð òүíäå».[1]
The English-Russian-Kazakh dictionary by Lena Leneshmeadt. We may find
it’s linguistic and technological obligations are wrong.[2]
English |
Kazakh |
Russian |
Few
minutes |
á³òåãåíå |
íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò |
Short
time |
Á³òåãåíå |
ìàëîå âðåìÿ |
Abate |
- |
äåëàòü ñêèäêó |
Able
bodied |
Äәä³ë |
Çäîðîâûé |
Bold |
Äәä³ë |
ñìåëûé |
“Few minutes” is translated into Russian correctly, but in Kazakh it is translated
as “á³ðíåøå ìèíóòòàð”, “short time”-
“àç óàқûò”, “able bodied”-
“äåí³ ñàó”, “bold”- “áàòûë” and
the word “abate” is translated as “æåң³ëä³ê æàñàó” It means that we must
consider Kazakh electronic and book format dictionaries in lexicographical
system.
How to translate gerund into Kazakh language? The gerund translates into Kazakh language by force of following:
1. As an infinitive
She stopped answering
my letters. – Îë ìåí³ң õàòòàðûìà æàóàï áåðóä³ қîéäû.
2. As a noun
After finishing
school he went on an expedition.- Ìåêòåïò³ á³ò³ðãåííåí ñîң îë ýêñïåäèöèÿғà àòòàíäû.
3. As an adverbial participle
In examining
the manuscript the historian discovered a curious detail.- Қîëæàçáàëàðäû қàðàñòûðà îòûðûï,
ғàëûì á³ð қûçûқ äåðåêêå òàï áîëäû.
4. As
subordinating
This
volume differs from the previous in embracing a wider range of subjects.- Îñû òîìíûң àëäûңғûëàðûíàí àéûðìàøûëûғû, îíûң ñұðàқòàðäûң êåң àÿñûí қàìòóûíäà áîëäû.
Infinitive usually
used after the following verbs
agree –қîëäàó; prepare — äàéûíäàó; intend — íèåòòåíó; appear – êөð³íó;
learn – á³ëó, îқó; arrange — ұéûìäàñòûðó; manage – қîëûíàí êåëó; ask – ñұðàó; mean — ìàғûíàñûíäà; claim –ìîéûíäàó; offer — ұñûíó; consent – êөíó;
plan — æîñïàðëàó; decide – øåø³ì øûғàðó; demand – òàëàï åòó; pretend – åëåñòåòó;deserve – òұðàðëûқ áîëó; promise – óәäå áåðó; expect – òîñó, êүòó; refuse – áàñ òàðòó; fail – ñәòñ³çä³êòåðãå ұøûðàó; seem — åëåñòåó; forget — ұìûòó; threaten — қîðқûòó; wait — êүòó; hope – үì³ò àðòó, үì³òòåíó; want — қàëàó.
For example:
We hope to buy a car. – Á³ç ìàøèíàíû ñàòûï àëóäà үì³òòåíåì³ç.
You expected to get all information you need. – Ñåí ñàғàí êåðåêò³ áàðëûқ ìәëåìåòòåðä³ àëàòûíäûғûí êүòò³í.
He doesn’t want to produce these goods. – Îíûң áұë òàóàðëàðäû øûғàðғûñû êåëìåéä³.
You want to use a new computer – Ñåí³ң æàңà êîìïüþòåðä³ қîëäàíғûí êåëåä³.
He deserves to be sent to peison – Îë îíû òүðìåãå қàìàóғà òұðàðëûқ.
Gerund is usually used after the following verbs:
forbid – ðұқñàò áåðìåó; admin — ìîéûíäàó; mention –åñêå ñàëó; appreciate — áàғàëàó; miss — өòê³çó; avoid — қàøқàқòàó; postpone – àðòқà қàëäûðó; regret — өê³íó; complete — á³ò³ðó; practise – òәæ³ðåáåëåó; consider – áàғàëàó; quit – қàëäûðó, òîқòàòó; delay – àðòқà қàëäûðó; recall- åñêå òүñ³ðó; deny – ìîéûíäàìàó, òåð³ñòåó; recommend — ұñûíó; discuss — òàëқûëàó; risk – òәóåêåëãå áàðó; enjoy – ëәççàò àëó; suggest — ұñûíó; finish — á³ò³ðó; tolerate — øûäàókeep – ұñòàó, æàëғàñòûðó; understand — òүñ³íó
For example:
He enjoys
talking to you. – Îë ñåí³ìåí әңã³ìåëåñóäåí ëәççàò àëàäû.
They postponed leaving. – Îëàð æîë æүðóä³ àðòқà қàëäûðäû.
They stopped firing. – Îëàð àòòûñóäû òîқòàòòû.
He regrets being unable to help. – Îë êөìåêòåñå àëìàéòûíû үø³í өê³íåä³.
Gerund is used after this
combinations of words:
approve of
something – á³ð íәðñåí³ қîëäàó; insist on smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ òàëàï åòó; be better off – åң æàқñû êүéäå/ æàғäàéäà áîëó; keep on doing smth
– á³ð íәðñåí³ ³ñòåóä³ æàëғàñòûðó; can’t help doing smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ ³ñòåìåéãå òұðà àëìàó; look forward to
smth – á³ð íәðñåí³ øûäàìñûç êүòó; count on smth – á³ð íәðñåãå үì³òòåíó; object to doing
smth – á³ð íәðñåãå қàðñû áîëó; don’t mind- қàðñû áîëìàó; think about smth –
á³ð íәðñå òóðàëû îéëàó; forget about smth
– á³ð íәðñåí³ ұìûòó; think of smth – á³ð íәðñå òóðàëû îéëàó; get through smth –
á³ð íәðñåäåí өòó.
For example:
He couldn’t
help laughing. – Îë êүëê³äåí òұðà àëìàäû.
You should think about taking this examination. – Ñàғàí áұë åìòèõàíäû òàïñûðó òóðàëû îéëàíó êåðåê.
They insist on paying immediately. – Îëàð äåðåó àқû òөëåóä³ òàëàï åòò³.
He doesn’t mind getting up early. – Îëàð åðòå òұðóғà қàðñûëûқ á³ëä³ðãåí æîқ.
Mother object to his smoking too much. – Àíàì îíûң ñîíøàëûқ òåìåêåí³ êөï òàðòóûíà қàðñû áîëäû.
After the verbs to remember, to forget, to stop we can
use a gerund and infinitive, in this way the meaning of sentence changed. Compare:
I remember
meeeting him for the first time five years ago. – Ìåí³ң îíû 5 æûë áұðûí àëғàø ðåò қàëàé êåçäåñò³ðãåí³ì åñ³ìäå.
I must remember to meet him at the station next
Saturday. – Ìåí îíû êåëåñ³ ñåíá³ êүí³ ñòàíöèÿäà êүò³ï àëóäû ұìûòûï êåòïåó³ì òè³ñ.
Jake completely forgot buying two pounds of sugar
the day before. – Äæåéê àëäûãүí³ қàëàé åê³ ôóíò қàíòòû ñàòûï àëғàíûí ìүëäå ұìûòûï êåòò³.
Jake forgot to buy sugar although I reminded him
twice about it. - Ìåí îғàí áұë òóðàëû åê³ ðåò åñ³íå ñàëñàì äà, Äæåéê áәð³á³ð қàíòòû ñàòûï àëóäû ұìûòûï êåòò³.
“Stop
talking!”, the teacher shouted in exasperation. – Ìұғàë³ì “Ñөçä³ äîғàðûңäàð!” – äåï àøóëàíûï àéғàëàäû.
They stopped to talk the matter over in detail. – Îëàð áұë ³ñò³ íàқòûëàï òàëқûëàó үø³í òîқòàäû.
I remember visiting Rome last summer. It was
great! – Ìåí³ң өòêåí æûëû Ðèìãå êåëãåí³ì åñ³ìäå. Áұë òàìàøà áîëäû!
Please,
remember to post the letter at the Central Post Office! – Өò³íåì³í, õàòòû îðòàëûқ ïî÷òàäàí æ³áåðóä³ ұìûòïà.
The online
dictionaries translate the following sentences word by word.
We tried to translate these sentences as correctly as
it possible. [3]
English |
Incorrect |
Kazakh |
I was out
when he came. |
Ìåí áîëғàí æîқïûí қàøàí îë êåëãåí. |
Îë êåëãåíäå ìåí үéäå áîëғàí
æîқïûí. |
I don’t
know what you mean. |
Ìåí á³ëìåéì³í íå ñåí îéëàéñûң. |
Ñåí³ң íå
àéòûï òұðғàíûíäû á³ëìåéì³í. |
The book
you gave me is very interesting. |
ʳòàï ñ³ç ïåðãåí ìàғàí өòå қûçûқòû. |
ѳç áåðãåí
ê³òàï қûçûқòû åêåí. |
Had I been
there, I should have helped him. |
Áîëғàí ìåí ñîë æåðäå ìåí áàð êөìåêòåñò³ îғàí. |
Åãåð ìåí ñîë æåðäå áîëғàíäà, îғàí
êөìåêòåñåò³í åä³ì. |
He said he
would call in the morning. |
Îë àéòòû îë õàáàðëàñó òàңåðòåң. |
Îë òàңåðòåң õàáàðëàñàòûíûí àéòòû. |
There are no dictionaries which can translate
phraseological units from English into Kazakh language directly. We ought to
use Russian as an intermediary language between English and Kazakh languages.
Translation of phraseological units.
English |
Russian |
Kazakh |
Stew in one's own juice |
Âàðèòüñÿ â ñîáñòâåííîìó ñîêó |
Өç³ìåí-өç³ áîëó |
to spread oneself |
Ëåçòü âîí èç êîæè |
Òûðàøòàíó |
queer smb.'s pitch |
Ïîäëîæèòü ñâèíüþ |
қàñòûқ ³ñòåó |
take smth in all good faith |
Ïðèíèìàòü çà ÷èñòóþ ìîíåòó |
øûíғà áàëàó |
apple of discord |
ßáëîêî ðàçäîðà |
åãåñò³ң áàñû |
pull the wool over smb's eyes |
Âîäèòü çà íîñ |
Àëäàó |
cherish as the apple of one's eye |
Áåðå÷ü êàê çåíèöó îêà |
êөçä³ң қàðàøûғûíäàé ñàқòàó |
it is pitch-dark |
Õîòü ãëàçà âûêîëè |
êөçãå òүðòñå êөðã³ñ³ç |
hair stand on end |
Âîëîñû âñòàëè äûáîì |
òөáå øàøû ò³ê òұðó |
vanish without a trace, vanish into thin air |
Êàê â âîäó êàíóë |
æåð æұòқàíäàé |
on top of the world |
Íà ñåäüìîì
íåáå |
òөáåñ³ êөêêå æåòó |
neither fish, nor fowl |
Íè ðûáà, íè ìÿñî |
åò òå åìåñ, áàëûқ òà åìåñ |
as like as two peas in a pod |
Êàê äâå êàïëè âîäû |
åê³ òàìøû ñóäàé |
Birds of a feather flock together |
Ðûáàê ðûáàêà âèäèò èçäàëåêà |
áàëûқøû áàëûқøûíû àëûñòàí êөðåä³ |
better late than never |
Ëó÷øå ïîçäíî, ÷åì íèêîãäà |
åøòåí êåø æàқñû |
So we can’t imagine our
studying or work without lexicography because any pupil, student and even
experienced teacher whose activity is closely connected with studying or
teaching a language constantly needs a good dictionary which can always help at
any time.
During carrying out the research the special methods
of scientific researches with using of a state (Kazakh) language as core will
be developed. It is very important, since in Kazakhstan there are no textbooks
in Kazakh on the theory and practice of translation, there is no dictionary
base while translating from Kazakh.
The list of used literature:
1. sozdik.kz
2. http://www.kazakh-glossary.com by Lena Leneshmeadt
3. http://www.translate.meta.ua. (English-Kazakh online
dictionary)
4. David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
(Second Edition) - Cambridge University Press, 2003.
5. Borisova L.M., Fomenko O.V., Introduction to English Philology –
Kolomna, 2004.
6. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1996.
7. Benson M, Benson E, The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English Language –
Amsterdam, 1986.