Uanbayeva F.J.

East Kazakhstan Stat Technical University named by D. Serikbayev

Uanbayev E.K.

East Kazakhstan Stat University named by S. Amanzholov, Kazakhstan

Role of National Sports and Games in National Education of Rising Generation

Being a product of certain historical conditions of society development physical culture and sports make set of historically arisen results of human spiritual activity. Comprehensive communication and comprehensive interdependence of nations … comes to change old local and national isolation. It equally belongs both to material and to spiritual production. Fruits of separate nations become common property. In modern society with other relations of society and production, such level of physical culture development couldn't satisfy new requirements of rising generation education. The given process is a necessary condition of all-round and harmonious development of the individual and improvement of lifestyle by means of all types of physical training. Actively joining this process physical culture and sports are one of the important factors of peoples’ spiritual life internationalization.

With the advent of a class society there was such social - ethnic community of people as nationality. From this period it is necessary to speak about national physical training.

For the period of nation origin and development it is legally to use the term «national physical training». As known, one of the nation distinctive features is the commonality of spiritual life arising on the basis of a long joint life of people, connected by common economy, territory, language, and culture. However the concept «national physical training» was not used by previous researchers. It was replaced by the term «national forms of physical training». Meanwhile these concepts are not equivalent.

Studying the dialectics of concepts and spheres of physical training actions led us to the use of the term "interethnic". It is known, that from the earliest times a lot of peoples live in the neighborhood. They have much in common in their vital way, customs, traditions and in their culture as a whole. There is also much in common in the sphere of national forms and means of physical training. It is important to note that interethnic features are shown more brightly in physical training and sports. It is connected not only with their form, but with their substance and internal structure.

In modern sports literature there are such terms as «national sports» and «national forms of physical training». These terms imply national kinds and national forms.

Central Asia and Kazakhstan belong to the countries of the most ancient culture. Archeological excavations testify that a primitive man appeared here in the paleolith period.

Ancient people of Central Asia were engaged in hunting. The basic sides of human life were connected to it. As researches show hunting created special properties in human nature, influencing his physical structure, and made his numerous abilities perfect. They are far-sightedness, eye accuracy, care, observation, etc. The man’s physical strength and endurance developed extremely. The severe daily struggle for existence demanded the man’s advanced physical qualities and versatile impellent activity. However the role of hunting consisted not only in the development of these qualities. It also had a huge importance in the spiritual development as the increased impellent activity of the hunter could serve the stimuli for higher development of the man’s mental abilities.

At the late paleolith excavations there were found different javelin-throwers. Their application shows that the hunting actions of ancient people became more conscious, and their culture rose on higher step. Hunting weapons and devices such as javelin-throwers were also known to the ancient people of Central Asia.

Bows and arrows appeared during the neolith period. Their emergence as the basic hunting tools, and the use of the advanced stone implements created conditions for transition to animal handling and to the development of new forms of cultures. The forms of the human society organization became steadier.

Physical exercises became the important means of education. The whole collective of the patrimonial society making high physical demands of its members was engaged in physical exercises. Historical data confirm, that the transition from one age group into another was connected with the meeting the certain requirements of dexterity, boldness, firmness and the ability to apply them in natural conditions. These ancient customs and traditions which are the vestiges and echoes of the early epoch are still alive among the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The requirements and the certain kinds of test in the field of physical training were a widespread phenomenon of the given epoch. They were directed on mastering the necessary life skills and abilities. For example, an ancient boy – the Hun first learnt to shoot birds and animals from a bow, to exploit the ram, and then to shoot hares and foxes and to use them for food. Further the teenagers, able to use a bow, were taken into horse cavalry.

Initiations were one of the most ancient rituals fixed by archeologists and ethnographers at many peoples in the different places of the world.

They had public and educational character, for they were directed on training children, teenagers, and young men and their entering into the society. Consistently they became riders, hunters, and warriors.

In an ancient society the elements of physical training penetrate all sides of public life. The physical training of the period was consecrated by different customs, ceremonies, and traditions.

New competitive games emerged. They reflected the methods and ways of wild animal handling and domestication. So, the cultic games with the bull genetically contacted that stage of the primitive society development when cattle breeding started to play an important role.

Physical exercises and entertainments with the application of playing bones – astragals - became popular during the period. These bones were used in outdoor games, training such physical qualities as dexterity and accuracy.

In 1970 the Kazakhstan archeologists at the ancient settlement excavation (III-IV centuries B.C.) found various balls specially executed for games. After careful research they came to the conclusion that the balls served for the Toguz-Kumalak game. Saddle horses handling caused the emergence of equestrian sport, games, and competitions corresponding to the purposes of military training. Alaman-baiga (a contest used for warrior training) emerged in Kazakh steppes at the stage of the primitive-communal system decay with the advent of the so-called "military democracy". The elements of military training penetrated not only equestrian sport. In this connection the archeological excavations in the southeast of Kazakhstan are of considerable interest. Original shooting ranges with rock drawings of animals as the targets were found in the area. Weapon training was a complex process connected not only with the formation of such physical qualities, as dexterity and endurance, but also with great physical strength gained by long exercises. The emergence of contests promotes the occurrence of new forms and methods of youth training, new fighting games and physical exercises development. New public functions of physical training promote the common similar features of physical exercises of separate tribes and nationalities of this period and intensify the cultural values interchange.

Further intensifying physical training development was divided on two parts: directly utilitarian activity and game activity, serving as an intensive display of people spiritual needs. The further development of game activity renders huge influence on the physical training substance and makes it rich and versatile.

National sports traditions developed from ancient times. They were improved in the process of man’s economic activity, in the process of his mind perfection. National sports traditions depended on many factors: landscape, climate, nature, etc.

National sports are directed on the development of physical and spiritual qualities of the youth: physical strength (Kazakhsha-Kures), endurance (Alaman-Baiga), dexterity (Kumis-Alu), accuracy (bow contests), and the development of ability to analyze set of the data (Toguz-Kumalak). Besides a lot of kinds of national sports are directed on the training of youth’s will to achieve the purpose, on the unification with steppe nature and culture of other peoples.

The data testify that processes of mutual cultural influence and cultural dialogue have a great influence on games character as one of the important means of the spiritual development of people.