Accos. Prof. of Economic Sciences Bermukhamedova Galiya,
student Rysmambet Lyazzat,
TUR12-1
Caspian state university
of technologies and engineering named after Sh.Yessenov
Eco-tourism in Mangystau
Currently, according to
the Committee of Forestry and Hunting of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the area
of specially protected natural territories of Kazakhstan
(reserves, national parks and other species) is 22 million. hectares, or 8.2%
of the country. There are 10 national natural parks, 4 national wildlife
reserves, 50 natural wildlife area and
5 state protected areas. 387 species of plants, 125 species of vertebrata and
96 species of invertebrate animals are brought in the Red Book of the Republic
of Kazakhstan now.
There is the program for
protection of reserves and national parks – the Concept of development and
placement of the especially protected natural territories (EPNT) which
realization is calculated till 2030 works in Kazakhstan now.
Implementation of the
specified concept will allow to develop purposefully EPNT for preservation and
restoration of our national property – objects of environment which have
special ecological, scientific and cultural value as natural standards of
unique persons and relicts, and also dynamically develops in this sphere
scientific researches, tourism, a recreation and ecological education. The
undertaken measures will promote stability of natural components of ecosystems
of the republic, maintenance of their stability, ability to self-control and
preservation of variety of forms of live and inanimate nature, including gene
pool of the live organisms which are on the verge of disappearance.
Mangystau is well-known
for the reserves and wildlife areas is an Ustyurt national natural park, the
Kendirli-Kayasan state reserved zone, Aktau-Buzachi and Karagiye-Karakol state
natural wildlife areas.
Besides in Mangystau a
certain work on protection of monuments of history, architecture, archeology
and the nature is conducted. Created the State Historical and Cultural Reserve
and Mangyshlak experimental botanical garden, there are two state institutions
for the protection of forests and wildlife of regional importance (Beineu and
Samsky).
The flora and fauna of Mangystau is rich and various.
It’s home to Kazakhstan’s 70% of the 450 species of birds and the third part of
the livestock mammals.
Ustyurt State Nature
Reserve was established in 1984. It is the second-large reserve in Kazakhstan –
its area of 223 342 thousand hectares.
Purpose of the
organization of the reserve: protection and saving of the relic animal species
and plants included in the International Red Book and the Red Book of
Kazakhstan. In addition, preservation in natural state of a natural complex of
northern deserts of a plateau Ustyurt, including a number of rare species of
flora and fauna. For example, among animals are subject to protection: a
mountain ram (an ustyurt’s mouflon), gazelle, the caracal (a predator from
family cat's), a long-legged hedgehog, bandaging, a four-band runner. From
birds: black-bellied sandgrouse, chukar, saker falcon, partridge.
Also the flora of the
reserve is interesting. On the plateau is dominated by Anabasis salsa-wormwood
vegetation with a mixture of various thistles, ephemera. On ravines meet
thickets of karagan and jingil.
On the rocky sites of a
plateau the shrubby bindweed, on the humidified places – Pallas's buckthorn and
cereals grows. On slopes and places on flat sites the black saxaul with
thickets of a boyalych grows. From plants protection of a myagkoplodnik of
kritmolisty (a relic bush), Khivan’s an astragala, a katrana toothless is
especially important.
Besides, sights of Ustyurt
are archaeological monuments. In the ancient time passed ancient caravan tracks
through a plateau, such as, the road of Horezmshakh connecting Khiva to lower
reaches of Emba and Volga. Along it the ancient city of Shakhr-i-Vazir,
Beleuli's caravanserai and fortress Allan were located. Ancient cemeteries with
majestic mausoleums are disseminated
through all plateau. The part them is already studied by archeologists, but
many still wait for the researchers. There are also more ancient monuments. There
are about 60 neolytic parkings on Usyurt. Especially a lot of them in the area
of Manas and vicinities of a hollow Karynzharyk.
The Aktau-Buzachinsky
State Nature Reserve is organized in 1987 in the territory of the Tupkaragan
region. It is the long-term reserve and is created for the purpose of
preservation and restoration of valuable species of wild animals and plants in
the economic, scientific and cultural relations.
With the same purpose in
1986 was organized Karagiye-Karakol State Nature Preserve in the territory
Karakiya district. With an area of 137.5 hectares
The Kendirli-Kayasansky
state reserved zone was created as recently as 2001 in the territory of the
Karakiyansky area for the purpose of preservation in natural state of a natural
complex of deserts of the Kendirli-Kayasan plateau, including rare and
endangered species of animals and plants. The total area of the protected area
is 1231 hectares.
In the region on
development of national parks within implementation of the master plan
"Development of a tourist cluster of Mangystau region till 2015" is
necessary more than three billion tenge. Experts on the basis of the conducted
researches defined areas, the most suitable under development of parks in their
territory.
For example, Ayrakty
region. It’s located to the North from Aktau, approximately in 100 kilometers
from the regional center (border with Tamshaly canyon on the northwest coast of
the sea). The territory in 480 thousand hectares of the earth includes a huge
variety of the scientific, geological, paleontologic, historical and cultural
values which settled down to the southeast to the settlement of Shetpe.
Ustyurt. It’s located in
the east of Mangystau region. Today Ustyurt is the national natural park.
Karagiye-Karakol. It’s
located in the southern and southeast parts of Mangyshlak, approximately in 85
kilometers from the Aktau. The protected zone combines two parts: Karagiye is one
of the deepest hollows in the world (132 meters below sea-level) and Karakol –
the long fresh-water lake to the South from Aktau with multiple settlements of
a flamingo. Besides, the lake is included in number of the protected ornithological
places of Kazakhstan. Karagiye hollow
is the territory of the Karagiye-Karakol zoological nature reserve of
republican value. The estimated scale of the protected territory about 180
thousand hectares.
Kuala island. Has a half
moon form and is located to the north of Fort-Shevchenko, the largest of the
archipelago of islands seals. The estimated scale of the protected territory is
4 500 hectares. Here a huge variety of sea birds is observed, and also it’s
possible to see the Caspian seals.
For future national parks
Mangystau proposed to establish a system consisting of five zones. These areas
should be classified in accordance with the need to protect ecosystems and
cultural resources of the park.
In conclusion, I would
like to believe that through the creation of national parks to ensure proper
protection of natural, cultural and historical values of Mangystau we can
preserve the unique natural landscapes for future generations.
In addition, the creation
of national parks will allow to develop eco-tourism in the area. In contrast to
the reserves they have not only environmental function, but also are places of
tourist interest. For example, for the inhabitants of Europe and America
vacation in the national parks is one of the most popular.
Often in Kazakhstan
tourists and tour operators don’t always represent what ecotourism is different
from simply enjoying the outdoors. The purpose of the classic ecotourism is
primarily environmental education of tourists, although it assumes familiarity
with the historical and cultural heritage of the region or the country as a
whole.
In recent years the boom
of ecological tourism is around the world observed. Wealthy citizens of the
developed countries seek to visit the corners of the untouched nature which
escaped in other countries. The philosophy of ecotourism is simple: "to
leave nothing, except traces on snow or sand; to kill nothing, except the time;
to take away nothing, except pictures".
Thus contradictory
interests of the protected territories of national parks and requirements of
ecotourism’s development have to be solved taking into account world experience
of protection of the nature against uncontrollable flows of tourists. I
consider in, these purposes it is necessary to organize ecological tracks and
routes, and also to develop and strictly to follow rules of nature protection
behavior.
As shown by the results of
research of tourist potential, Mangystau region has great potential for the
development of eco-tourism, which is based on the unique natural landscapes,
numerous historical monuments, cultural and ethnic heritage.
LITERETURE
1.Encyclopedia of Mangistau 1997