Медицина/9. Гигиена и эпидемиология.

MD Nemenko B.A., PhD Iliyasova A.D. PhD Tekmanova A.K.,

Syzdykov D.M., Abdieva A.E., Tutkumbaeva G.

Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov

Estimation of the danger degree of the fine disperse dust particles in the air.

In 2012 air pollution in the world killed 7 million humans including the WHO European Region, which includes Kazakhstan - noted nearly 600,000 deaths. This is the main conclusion of the report of WHO devoted to pathology associated with air pollution: atmospheric and indoor (1). These negative effects in a large extent related with the dust suspended particles in the air with a diameter less than 10 microns (PM10) causing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancer. Effects on health RM increases as the particle diameter of the particles depends on the concentration and comprising:

• respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and increase hospital admissions;

• mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and lung cancer;

• PM action reduces the life expectancy of the population;

• occur every year more than 2.1 million deaths due of the increase in the PM in the air;

• particularly vulnerable group of people suffering from lung or heart disease as well as children and the elderly persons.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) considers that air pollution by dust particles PM significant cause contributing to the development of cancer in the population in particular lung cancer and bladder cancer. Currently, a combination of air and dirt particulate matter included in the list IARC carcinogens (group 1).

These data indicate a serious danger to public health which until recently hygienists have been neglected. So hygienic regulations particulate matter PM in the atmosphere have been developed in the Russian Federation in 2010 and in the Republic of Kazakhstan - approved only in 2012.

Dust is the most common adverse factor of air pollution. Leading role in this process is played by artificial sources of dust emission as a result of industrial and human activities. Leading domestic hygienist on air V.A.Ryazanov suggested that of great importance dispersion of dust have a main role which determines the duration of its stay in the air the depth of penetration into the respiratory tract and delay in different parts of the respiratory tract.

According to his observations large dust particles, the size of 10-100 microns are retained the upper respiratory tract while small (less than 5 microns) can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract exerting adverse effects on the pulmonary parenchyma (2). With allowance for the latest scientific observations can be represented by the following classification of dust:

1. The total dust (TSP) - the amount of suspended solids: includes all airborne particles.

2. PM10 is used for the particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns.

3. PM2.5: used for particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns.

4. PM1: used for particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 1.0 microns.

5. The coarse fraction (between 2.5 and 10 microns).

6. Ultra fine particles (nanoparticles) are used for particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 0.1 microns. These include the black carbon - carbon containing solid particles that absorb light.

Dust refers to the 3rd class of hazard however in the conventional urban dust can be toxic chemical elements, which unfortunately is rarely taken into account by the hygienists. In previous years on the toxicity of dust judged only by the presence in it of silicon dioxide that had meaning only in the production environment. In the light of modern research to assess the risk of air pollution by dust must find its dispersed composition. However in materials "Kazhydromet" there is information on the total dust concentration in the ambient air whereas the determination of fractional composition is not performed.

In Kazakhstan the monitoring of air pollution Kazhydromet conducted in 20 cities: Aktau, Aktobe, Almaty, Astana, Atyrau, Balkhash, Zhezkazgan, Karaganda, Kostanay, Kyzylorda, Ridder, Pavlodar, Petropavlovsk, Semey, Taraz, Temirtau, Uralsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Shymkent, Ekibastuz and village Glubokoe. Observation of atmospheric air is carried out on 51 the stationary point, but plan to install another 14 points of observation. The program mainly consists of four pollutants: total suspended solids (SVC), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In some cases depending on the characteristics of the emissions at some stations conducted additional studies (Ust-Kamenogorsk for example is determined 16 of pollutants). However these posts are not measurements of ground-level ozone (O₃) dust particles PM10 and PM2.5 in most cases heavy metals and POPS (persistent organic pollutants).

According to General Director of the Kazakh research Institute of ecology and climate (RSE "KazNIIEK"), only in the Republic (3) Borovoye station takes measurements of PM10 and ground-level ozone. This was achieved with the support of the Norwegian Institute of NILU and the station was equipped with the necessary equipment for measurements at EMEP (program monitoring and evaluation distribution of air pollutants over large distances in Europe). Air pollution is a problem of any state, without exception, as we are talking about global air pollution of our planet. Therefore, the above who report (1) calls upon the leadership of the countries / Europe to implement the European Convention of the UN economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) on transboundary air pollution on long distances (4). In Kazakhstan in this regard is defined job (3). Adopted amendments to the Gothenburg Protocol of 1999, approved a revised text of the Protocol, in which the first contains commitments to reduce emissions of fine particulate matter (PM2,5). In the new edition also appears black carbon, which in addition to the negative impact on human health, impact on climate change (5).

The WHO European Region comprises 53 countries, with a population of almost 900 million people, but in Eastern Europe and Central Asia monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 is very limited: there is only a small number of monitoring stations in Belarus, the Russian Federation, Uzbekistan (Tashkent and Nukus), as well as in Kazakhstan (Borovoe). This fact is alarming, due to the abundance of publications about the rising death rate due to increase of the RM in the air (6, 7). The only station in the hog is clearly insufficient for a vast territory of Kazakhstan, in view of what you want wide adoption in the Republic at least calculation methods for the determination of respirable particles in the air of our cities. In the Russian Federation these methods are widely used for many years.

We can get information only on the total concentration of dust in the air, it can be converted into concentrations of PM10 and PM5 on the basis of the ratio between the fractions and the sum of all suspended matter (TSP). When an unknown fractional composition of dust assume that the fraction of particles PM 2.5 to 26% of total TSP dust, and the proportion of particles PM10 55%. This pattern was cited in the works of Revich B.A. (8) and was used by many authors in the instrumental and comparative computational studies (9, 10, 11). The calculation formulas are as follows:

Concentration (mg/m³) fraction of PM 2.5 = 0.26 x total dust (TSP (mg/m³);
Concentration (mg/m³) fraction of PM10 = 0.55 x total dust (TSP (mg/m³).

Of particular concern is the growth of additional mortality by inhalation of respirable fine dust fractions. It should be noted another pattern is less than the size of dust particles the fraction, the greater the biological activity they exhibit. Therefore, the fraction PM5 more dangerous to human health than PM10 fraction. In countries in the WHO European Region due to the effect of the РM include 3% of deaths from cardiovascular disease and 5% of deaths from lung cancer (12). In different countries of the region, these figures fluctuate slightly, but in General the share of air pollution faction PM5 per year 3.1 million deaths. On average, exposure to PM2.5 reduces the life expectancy of the population of the European Region, on average, 8.6 months, but if a lower concentration of the fractions to values recommended by WHO, it may be increased by 20 months. (13).

WHO has spent the last revision of the recommendations on the quality of the atmosphere in 2005 and it includes the following conditional standards:

• For PM2.5: annual average concentration of 10 mg/m³, daily average of 25 mg/m³;

• For PM10: annual average concentration is 20 mg/m³, daily average of 50 mg/m³.

Some authors consider that the monitoring of the РM should be 365 days a year and the impossibility of such observations using remote sensing (satellite), combining it with the modelling of the instrumental measurements in the atmospheric surface layer.

Using this technique, they have received extensive public information on air pollution faction РM5, however, are more objective instrumental measurements on the earth's surface in all regions (14).

However, given the real situation, together with instrumental research, it is necessary to conduct widespread development assessment of air quality by computational methods. They do not require special skills, but can be judged, at least approximately, the extent of the risk of exposure to particles РM and possible protection measures.

Literature:

1. New WHO global report: in Europe due to air pollution each year die almost 600 000 people (02/04/2014).

2. The guide to communal hygiene, M. 1963, So I, P. 137-465.

3. Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan on implementation of the Convention on transboundary air pollution on long distances, Almaty, 2009, 26 P.

4. Convention on transboundary air pollution on long distances [web site]. Geneva, economic Commission for Europe United Nations, 2012 (http://www.unece.org/ru/ru/env/lrtap.html as at 5 February 2013).

5. Janssen NAH et al. Health effects of black carbon. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2012 (http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmentand-health/air-quality/publications/2012/health-effects-of-black-carbon, accessed 28 October 2012).

6. Samoli E et al. Acute effects of ambient particulate matter on mortality in Europe and North America: results from the APHENA Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2008, 116(11):1480–1486.

7. Air quality guidelines: global update 2005. Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006 (http://www.euro. who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/publications/pre2009/air-quality-guidelines.-global-update-2005.-particulate-matter,-ozone,-nitrogen-dioxide-and-sulfur-dioxide, accessed 28 October 2012).

8. Revich B. A., Avaliani S. L., Tikhonova, I. Environmental epidemiology. - M., 2004., - 384 P.

9. Rapoport, O. A., Kopylov, I. D., Ore, N..To the question of the regulation of emissions of fine particles. // Environmental Bulletin Russia, No. 4, 2012, P. 56-61.

10. Rapoport, O. A., Kopylov, I. D., Ore. G. N., On the regulation of emissions of fine particles. // Industrial ecology, 2012, No. 8, P. 38-43.

11. Orlov, R. C., Strelyaeva A. B., Barikaev N. With. Estimation of suspended particles PM10 AND RM.5 in the ambient air of residential areas //international scientific journal "Alternative energy and ecology № 12 (134) 2013, P. 39-41

12. Cohen AJ et al. Urban air pollution. In: Ezzati M et al., eds. Comparative quantification of health risks. Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major factors. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004, 2(17):1354–1433 (http://www.who.int/health info/global_burden_disease/cra/en/index.html, accessed 28 October 2012).

13. Lim SS et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 2012, 380: 2224–2260.

14. Brauer M et al. Exposure assessment for estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to outdoor air pollution. Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 46: 652–660.