philological sciences/6. actual problems of translation

Rzayeva R.Q

Azerbaijan University of Languages, Azerbaijan

Synonymy and variance problems in cognitive linguistics (according to the materials of contact languages)

The subjectivity factor as a main factor in cognitive linguistics gives the opportunity for a variety and some synonymy in speech. This factor in details appears in comparative-typological analysis. In other words, by changing the way of communicative process demanding the transformations on all levels from one language into other different variants of equivalence (adequacy) are observed.

It is known, that either from the side of translation theory or linguistics traditionally in the morphology analysis, that belongs to different systems, morpheme was considered to be the most minimal semantic unit. But the late ten-years researches give the opportunity to say, that "some important grammatical and systematical meaning giving is proceded on the lowest level, i.e. "up to morphem" level" [1, p.3].

That experts' idea to a certain extent may be ascribed to prefixes, that is specific for Indo-Europian languages and to suffixes and "adpositions", that carry out analogical lexical-grammatical function of aqqunative Turkish languages. In other words, that function words beinq used together with parts of speech help to denote not only place, direction, time, etc, but also help to denote from the sphere of cognitive linguistics particular situation, state, even employment. For example, "a worker in metal" (yəni "metallurq) – metallurq (dur), metallisdir. During the process of the translation of the rightful original and translation languages, it provides the transmission of that specific lexical unuts in different ways and methods, i.e. it tries to reflect that meaning units by help of the translation language. For example, the meaning of 'in" in the English language may be reflected by different suffixes in the Azerbaijani language. "Stand in the-(1)- kiməsə manə olmaq (kimə?) (yönlük hal); (2) kiminsə tərəfini tutmaq (nəyi?) təsirlik hal; or "in green" - (1) yaşılda (nədə?) (rəngdə) (yerlik hal); (2) yaşıl rəngli (nə?) (adlıq hal).

The same idea of to, with, for and other preposition may be ascribed to the variants in the Azerbaijani language.

The practice shows, that in the contrary with other genres of the literary translation it is more possible to find the variants from that category. Thus, the literary translation together with its essence has creative character; a translator tries by different methods and ways to preserve to the limit the content of the original and its literary a esthetic capacity.

Here he faces double difficulty. On the on hand, he preserves the private method of the author, on the other hand, he is forced to find equivalents in the sphere of the text existing in two languages by the comparative-typological analysis. It should be mentioned, besides the high skill and talent of the translator, the original cannot be substituted with the niceties of the translation. Every literary work has its own way of thoughts, its language's unrepeatable rightfulness, psychology, esthetic ideas, traditions, so it is diffulct to transmiss all of them in the second language. However, according to experts every language can create again the most compound desires, lofty sense and thoughts that occur in the other language. In order to show, that these words are not false, it will be right to look at the one of the translation variants of the part from Somerset Maugham’s novel "Moon and Sixpence" into Azerbaijani: "Love is observing, it takes the love out of the himself; the most clear sighted, though he may know, can not realise that this lpve will case; it gives body to what he knows is illusion and knowing it is nothing indivdual, but a thing, an instrument to some purpose foreign to his ego. Love is never quite, devois of sentimentality..." [2, p.153].

Let's compare it with the translation done by F. Aghazadeh: "Sevgi adamın bütün varlığını tələb eləyir; aşiq özünü unudur; hətta ən bəsirətli adam belə başa düşə-düşə təsəvvur eləmir ki, sevgi otəri ola bilər. Sevgi insanın qanını və ruhunu xəyallarla isidir, insan bilə-bilə xəyalı varlığı həqiqi varlıqdan çox sevir. Sevgi insanı qaldıra da, endirə də bilər. Seven adam özünə məxsus olmur. O, daha bir fərd kimi mövcüd deyil, indi o öz "məni" nə yalançı olan bir məqsədə çatmaq üçün bir aləm, bir vasitədir. Məhəbbətdə həmişə bir sentimentallıq olur." Paying attention, we can see, that the sentences given there can be understood in different ways, i.e. there is a false, in spite of generally the author's method is preserved.

Being right Dolina mentions, that "in spite of the method of the phrase usage dayly life is not false, such approach cannot be concerned in the literary text, because the expression has mostly dinamic and changable character. Additionally, every language has its own expression manner" [4, p.46].

The translator tried to pay attention to the sinthactic successful transformation, morphems and "up to morphem" units by choosing particular equivalent (also to prefixes and suffixes): "I didn't know how much pose there is in the sincere, how much baseness in the noble, or how much goodness in the reprobate" [2, p.173]. Let's compare: "O vaxt bilmirdim ki, ən səmimi adamlarda belə süni nəzakət olur, alicənab adamlar necə alçala bilər, misginlər necə xeyirxah olur" [3, p. 181].

Obviously there were used different language methods in the translation, translation variants to showing object and condition. But choosing of that methods and variants is not free. First of all, there is discussed the problem of the lexical, grammatical forms' comparison of both languages. The purpose is to show the reaction to the objective mastering of any expressional grammatical category, subjective understanding "portrait", even by prefixes, suffixes. We talk about the maksimum correctness or apartnnes of the searching variants to give specific grammatical forms and methods in the original. But we shouldn't forget the obstacles, that are observed between contacting languages and culture by the translation methods, isn't getting limited only by lexical-grammatical factors.

We would like to observe our sayings more visually in the poetic texts' translation. İt is not so difficult to observe them on the examples of analitic, flective and aqqulative language systems. Thus, the translator of the poetic text together with the difficulties connected with specific lexical, grammatical rightfullness faces the traditions of that period's language, time factor's hassies. In other words, poetic text belonging to any nation being present by syllabic, sylabotonic, or rythm, rhyme, garmonyand other specific ephonic methods, in spite of diffulties in translation demands adequacy.

It wil be enough to address to the translation variant of Shakespeare’s poetry into Azerbaijani to understand the mentionid difficulties. In different periods A. Haqverdiyev, C. Cabbarli, T. Ayyubov, A. Cavad and S. Mustafa translated the works of English writer. Unlike the first translators, their translation variants look much more interesting because of poetic features. Sabir Mustafa’s creative work on the text is very important.

Line and poetic translation variants comparison in original shows that from the lexical-grammatical level to the poetic variants the translator faces the difficulties:

".....Here Ikneel:-

Ifeer my mill did trespass gainst his love,

Either in discourse of thought or actual deed:"

("Othello"), [5, p. 202]

The literal translation of the text after some lexical, grammatical, sintactic transformasion shows insutability:

Mən burada diz çökürəm,

Qəlbdən deyirəm: onun mehəbbətinə qarşı heç nə etməmişəm:

Nə bir söz deməmişəm, nə də bir iє görməmişəm.

Speaking by the words of V. A. Jukovskiy, "the translator is the rival of the author" acts:

Indi bax, diz çökürəm and içirəm,

Mənə əl dəymədi bir naməhrəm,

Görmədim indiyədək böylə bir iş...

(A. Cavad’s translation)

If we pay attention to the variant of S. Mustafa, the author preserved spirit, the humanist epoch conditions:

Burada diz çökürəm, and içirəm mən:

Həmişə vicdanı təmiz olmuşam

Onu sevgisinə sadiq qalmışam.

Another variant of the translation from the part of "King Lear" will prove the sayings above from another point of view:

"Let it stamp wrinkles in her brow of youth

With cadent tears fret channels in her cheeks:" [5, p. 233]

Here is its literal translation: "Onun cavan üzünü qırışlarla damğalasın

Axan göz yaşları yanaqlarında şırımlar açsın."

It is impossible to left the curses of the old king’s unthankful daughter without attention; it is unrespectful to the Shakespeare humanism ideas:

Ömrünün-gününün cavan çağında

Bürüsün alnını dərin qırışlar,

Göz yaşı arx açsın yanaqlarında.

(S. Mustafa's translation)

The sayings above one more time proved the actuality of the ruling directions of the cognitive linguistics conceptual units . During the description of society, people internal statement, the abilities of the analysis of the ethnic languages conceptions, there are a lot of unmissed variants. On the one hand, it is connected with the individual objective thoughts about the world, on the other hand, with repeatable rightful national language.

Literature:

1.Кубрякова Е.С., Панкрац Ю.Г. Морфология в описании языков. - М. Наука, 1983.

2. The Moon and Sixpence by W. Somerset Maugham (Электронная версия).

Режим доступа: www.gutenberg.org>48, 568 free eboo.

3. Somerset Moem. Ay və qara şahı. - Bakı, 1993.

4. Долина К. А. Стилистика французского языка. - Л.: Просвещение, 1978.

5. Sabir Mustafa. Bədii tərcümədə ekvivalentlər. - Baki 2010.

6. Shakespeare W. Two Tragedies. - Moscow, 1985.

7. Кубрякова Е. С. Номинативный аспект речевой деятельности. - М.: Наук,1984.