Право/10.Хозяйственное право

Zhakupova A., master student

Scientific supervisor: Yesenbayeva G.A., doctor of pedagogical sciences,

professor

Karaganda Economic University, Kazakhstan

FEATURES OF THE FOOD SECURITY IN KAZAKHSTAN

Food security should be understood as the state of the economy in which it is possible to ensure the domestic production of basic foodstuffs of the total population with the necessary priority to the most vulnerable, the poor, its layers and subject to physical and economic access to food in a quantity and quality that are required for the preservation and maintenance of life and human capacity, full or maximum possible independence of the state from external food sources.

Food security is ensured in the country if it produces about 80% of the food consumed, or in the case when a country specializes in the production of a particular type of food, the export of which allows it to receive a positive trade balance for food. Food security is considered to be secured if, in addition to the production of the required amount of food, it is carried out an additional issue in the volume is filled safety stock level of developed countries (60 days or 17% of annual consumption). In the case where the definition-divided types of food are not produced in the country, or their production is limited, food security they provide procurement in other countries. At the same time, it is important to prevent the occurrence of food, political or otherwise dependent on exporting countries often lack food.

Food security Kazakhstan can not be maintained without a positive state influence on the agricultural sector of the economy.

Under state regulation of agricultural production should be understood as a system of legislative, administrative and economic influence of the state on the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products, raw materials and food.

The objectives of state regulation of APC are:

- Development of agricultural production;

- Ensuring food security of the country;

- Regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food;

- Improving the food security of the population;

- Maintaining economic parity between agriculture and other sectors of the economy;

- Convergence of income levels of agricultural workers and other sectors;

- Protection of domestic producers.

The need for state regulation of agro-industrial complex is due to:

- The influence of the market for agricultural products, raw materials and blow-of discontent on the macroeconomic situation in the country;

- The inability of the market to ensure a fair distribution of economically-bution of income generated in the process of production, processing and sales;

- Specificity of agricultural production, determines the effect of environmental factors on its performance;

- Support for agriculture as the main activity of the rural population and the preservation of rural areas as its habitat.

Agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan is one of the main sectors of the economy of reproduction. It produces about a third of the national income. The presence in the country's vast potential of the AIC indicate:

- A significant amount of agricultural land, the total area of 223 million hectares. Including arable land - 21 million. Ha or 1.5 hectares per capita Republic;

- Significant employment potential of the village (in the countryside is home to about 45% of the population);

- Favorable climatic conditions for the cultivation of cereals and legumes, potatoes, vegetables, etc.;

- Significant potential areas for grazing animal studies-output (84% of total land area).

Strategic planning of agricultural production must take into account a number of factors adversely affecting the efficiency of agricultural production and productivity in which, according to World Bank estimates, 5 times lower than in Eastern Europe:

- Kazakhstan soil in its natural state have low productive properties and is constantly in need of improvement;

- Desertification covered 66% of the territory of the Republic;

- Cropland lost 1/3 of humus;

- Arable land loses 240 times more nutrients than it receives as a result of mineral fertilizers;

- Debris field sow thistle and sagebrush dramatically reduces the quality of harvested grain, which by its characteristics is getting closer to the forage.

In 2005, the country produced agricultural products in the amount of 753.7 billion. Tenge, including crop production - 421.2 billion. Tenge, livestock - 332.5 billion. Tenge. Compared with 2000, the volume of agricultural production increased by 1.8 times. These data indicate that the agricultural sector of the Republic emerged from the crisis and entered the stage of growth.

However, the data of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Statistics indicate that this growth can not be considered sustainable because in the period from 2002 to 2005 there has been a decrease in production of the main export crop - grain (including wheat). After the maximum in recent years the gross grain harvest in 2001 (15.9 million. Tons) and in 2002 (16 million. Tons), exceeded the threshold, in terms of food self-sufficiency level in 1 ton of grain per capita ( 1072 and 1076 kg, respectively), in 2005 there were only collected 12.4 million. ton (824 kg).

The structure of consumption by the population of Kazakhstan food is irrational. Most important foods in abusers in much smaller quantities than is provided scientifically based standards. For example, fish and fish products consumed 2.2 times less than the norm, eggs - by 2.7 times, vegetables and melons - 1.8 times, milk and dairy products - 2.1 times, meat and meat products - 2.2 times, sugar - 1.4 times, potatoes - 1.6 times.

In addressing food security issues deserve serious attention of the country self-sufficient basic types of food.

Food self-sufficiency means the satisfaction of consumption, it is primarily through domestic supplies with minimal dependence on foreign trade.

To achieve self-sufficiency of food necessary to carry out the production of quality products in quantities to meet the needs of the population there at the threshold prices, ensures the availability of most products for all social groups throughout the country. At the same time, be aware that the question of food self-sufficiency does not mean the policy of autarky and isolation from the world market. World practice has developed a number of important and reliable approaches to solving these problems, among them - a flexible and effective protection of domestic producers, the regulation of relations that enable all imports of food production capability in the country's extremely limited or non-existent, to cover the export of food production which more effectively.

In 2004, the level of self-sufficiency of grain amounted to 82.4%, meat - 59.8%, milk - 74.3%, eggs - 52.7%, potatoes - 137%, vegetables and melons - 124%, fruits, berries and grapes - 17.7% [3].

The highest level of self-sufficiency has been achieved over the potatoes, the actual production of which per capita in fifteen years (1990-2004 gg.) 13 times (except 1997 and 1999) exceeded the current rate of consumption. Since 2001, its own production of vegetables and melons also in the Republic exceeds the standard level of consumption. At the same time, since 1992, the Republic of turned into a self-sustaining by importing milk.

As for the main export crop for Kazakhstan - the grain, the Republic was self-sufficient them in 1990 (170.2%), in 1992 (175.1%), in 1993 (127.5%), 1994 (101%) , 2001 (107.2%) and 2002 (107.6%). In 1995, Kazakhstan's grain self-sufficiency was 95.6%, in 2003 - 92.2%, in 2004 - 82.4%. In the remaining years of the period under review the self-reliance of Kazakhstan grain was significantly lower than the standard level, and in 1998 the gross grain yield per capita Republic amounted to only 41.2% of the normal level [3].

The effectiveness of the implementation of the concept of self-sufficiency affects a number of factors that should be considered in the implementation of state regulation of agrarian and industrial complex:

- Rational distribution of production in order to effectively use IP-potential of different soil and climatic and economic areas of the country with the deepening of specialization and creation on this basis, specialized food zones;

- The use of technologies that increase the productivity of crop and livestock productivity;

- Impact on agriculture social unrest and political instability, as well as various forms of environmental degradation.

State regulation of the APC must be systemic in nature and based on the following principles:

- Targeted regulatory measures;

- Separation of functions and areas of regulation by levels of government;

- The limited size regulation, inviolability of the market environment in the agricultural sector;

- To maximize the use of indirect instruments and mini-mum - direct impact;

- Ensuring the highest efficiency of funds allocated for the regulation of agribusiness;

- The adequacy of control measures for the agricultural sector measurable sculpt macroeconomic conditions, market conditions, global trends.

To achieve the objectives of state regulation of agribusiness, the following tools:

- Special tax regime for the agri-food market;

- The purchase, storage, processing and marketing of agricultural products and foodstuffs for state needs;

- Setting targets, indicative, secured (guaranteed), intervention prices for agricultural products and foodstuffs;

- Tariff and non-tariff regulation of imports and exports of agricultural products and food, support for exports of agricultural products and foodstuffs;

- Subsidies, grants, guarantees and compensation to agricultural producers and others in the agri-food market;

- Public investment;

- Technical regulations, licenses and other restrictions;

- Risk management in agriculture;

- Encouraging the development of institutions and infrastructure, agri-food market (including the credit system, including mortgage, leasing, insurance, agro-industrial cooperation and integration);

- Antitrust regulation;

- Removing administrative and technical barriers;

- Implementation of programs for sustainable rural development and conservation of natural resources and the natural landscape;

- Information support and consulting services to the subjects of the agri-food sector;

- The financial recovery of agricultural producers, including debt restructuring;

- Promotion of scientific and technological progress and innovation in the agri-food sector.

Based on the results of the study, we recommend the following system of state regulation measures that increase the efficiency of agriculture, Republic of:

- Improving the system of economic relations in the field of pro-production, purchasing, primary and deep processing, storage, transportation and marketing of agricultural products;

- Promotion of small-scale production go-agroprodo-food complex in the specialized medium and large commodity production, as well as the transfer of production of livestock and crop production on an industrial scale;

- Optimal combination of state and market regulation in agricultural prices to revive demand of the population and increase the competitiveness of domestic foodstuffs on the domestic and foreign markets;

- Modernization and technical re-processing enterprises, the introduction of advanced technology and quality management systems (ISO 9000, ISO 14000);

- Increase the investment attractiveness of agriculture, the introduction of tax and other incentives that will contribute to refurbish material-technical base of AIC, the smooth formation of the system of production, harvesting and processing of agricultural raw materials, delivering it to processing plants and end users;

- Rational distribution across the country enterprises for the processing of raw materials and agricultural products as close to their place of production, expansion of the practice of construction enterprises, shops and works directly on the farms;

- Optimization of the production capacity of the processing industry;

- Creation of conditions and intensifying processes of domestic food output to foreign markets, export promotion and pro-grain products of its processing;

- Protection of the Republic of substandard food by improving work services standardization and certification of products and the development of national standards for basic foodstuffs in order to harmonize with the system of international standards;

- Stabilization of the food market by organizing procurement and commodity interventions;

- Improving the infrastructure of agri-food market, in particular the establishment in the major cities of municipal wholesale food markets;

- The creation of an extensive network of procurement centers in rural areas.

From the list of activities that enhance the efficiency of the APC and on this basis to ensure food security in Kazakhstan, the priority is the development of wholesale food markets, to ensure the effective integration of all businesses agribusiness, from producers to consumers of agricultural products, raw materials and food.

REFERENCES

1. Abalkin L. Economic safety of Russia: threats and their reflection / LI Abalkin. // Problems of Economics. - 1994. - № 12. - P. 4-13.

2. Kaygorodtsev A.A Commodity APC system as a factor of food security in Kazakhstan / A.A. Kaygorodtsev. // The modern scientific bulletin. - 2006. - № 2. - S. 28-32.

3. Saparova AA production and consumer goods market in the way of stabilization and development / AA Saparova. // Kazakhstan on the way to a new model of development: trends, potential and growth imperatives: Proceedings of the International scientific and practical conference. Part 4 - Almaty, 2003.

4. Kaygorodtsev A.A. Economic and food security of Kazakhstan. Theory, methodology, practice: a monograph / AA Kaygorodtsev. - Ust-Kamenogorsk: Media Alliance, 2006.