Rahmetoldyna A.K.

Lecturer at al-Farabi Kazakh National University

To a question of reforming of transport system of Kazakhstan

In the conditions of expansion of the international cooperation and deepening of integration processes formation of the international transport corridors possesses the leading role in the solution of the transport problems connected with ensuring interstate economic, cultural and other relations, expediency of creation of the international transport infrastructure having the coordinated technical parameters and providing application of compatible technologies of transportations as bases of integration of rational transport systems into world transport system.

The economy of Kazakhstan located in the center of the Eurasian continent between capacious dynamically emerging markets of Europe, East and Southeast Asia, in many respects depends on effective use of potentially high transit opportunities of the state. The special importance the big territory of the country (2725 thousand sq.km.), low population density (on average less the 6th persons/sq.km.) also give to development of national transport system, essential dispersal of raw material and production resources.

In the Message to the people of Kazakhstan “Strategy “Kazakhstan-2050” the New political policy of the taken place state, the President of Kazakhstan – the Leader of the nation Nursultan Nazarbayev noted that the people of Kazakhstan have to develop the transit potential. Further, the Leader of the nation noted that by 2020 it is necessary to expect increase in transit transportations through Kazakhstan twice, and by 2050 this figure has to increase by 10 times.

Within the country we have to create “the infrastructure centers” for "covering" of remote regions or regions with insufficient population density the vital and economically necessary objects of infrastructure. For this purpose it is necessary to provide creation of the advancing infrastructure of transport system [1].

It should be noted that transit streams, by estimates of the international analytical centers, in the directions Southeast and East Asia - Europe is estimated at 330-400 billion US dollars, to 20% from which has to pass through the territory of the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan. However owing to various reasons Kazakhstan uses this potential less than for 10%. The volume of internal transportations making now about 1,1 billion US dollars can increase by 2015 to 2,6 billion US dollars (with a steady growth of economy according to the indicative plan for 45,6%). The problem of formation of reliable and effective Euroasian transport routes gained special relevance in conditions is accelerated the developing processes of globalization, interstate integration and expansion of trade and economic and cultural ties.

In general, the idea and problems of the Eurasian transit have an old story (for example, “A great Silk way”), so development of a network of the international transport corridors passing through the territory Kazakhstan is based on three directions, priority for us: Russia, countries of Europe and Baltic; China, Japan and countries of Southeast Asia; Republics of Central Asia and Transcaucasia, Iran and Turkey.

In each of the specified directions there are developed international transport corridors including a complex of land, air and water routes. The international transport corridors are formed for development and improvement of both the cargo, and passenger international traffic. The international transport corridors (ITC) are understood as sets of the main transport communications from the different types of transport corresponding technical arrangement, as a rule, the providing transportations of the passengers and freights connecting the different countries having thereof the international value.

The special attention is paid: to creating favorable conditions on the transport communications entering system of the international transport corridors and zones of the international economic cooperation, for ensuring transportations freight of the international transit and, first of all between the countries of two dynamically developing continents — Europe and Asia. It would be desirable to note that, active participation of Kazakhstan in this process is caused by existence in its territory of technically equipped transport complex against activization of the foreign trade communications, a purposeful state policy on modernization of the existing system of communications and creation of modern regulatory legal base for international transport.

At the same time objective conditions of economic development on the Eurasian continent create prerequisites for increase in transit through Kazakhstan, in connection with the sharp growth of barter between the countries of Europe and Asia. Also, through the territory Kazakhstan passes some main Eurasian routes demanding inclusion in the international classification. The volume of transit transportations is very unstable now and tends to decrease. Ensuring competitiveness of a domestic transport and communication complex in the world market and increase in trade streams through the territory of the republic.

The world practice of international transport testifies that ensuring competitiveness of transport routes far isn't settled by the solution of technical and legal problems. The major, purely crucial importance has elimination of other not physical obstacles of organizational and economic character, main of which:

1. Lack of the policy on improvement of transportations coordinated at the international level on the transcontinental routes passing through Kazakhstan that has crucial importance for ensuring their competitiveness taking into account a share of the Kazakhstan corridors in the general extent of these routes.

2. Lack of the coordinated uniform tariff policy at implementation of transit transportations in route borders.

3. Lack of the coordinated policy of collection of taxes and collecting on automobile corridors.

4. Insufficient application at implementation of transit transportations of modern transport technologies on the organization and management of transportation process (in particular, accelerated promotion of transit freights, implementation of transportations under the leadership of multimodal operators, etc.)

5. Imperfection of technology of the admission of freights through boundary transitions and lack of an accurate agreement of the services providing boundary operations. So, because of technological discrepancies in work of stations of the main railway frontier transition of Druzhba-Alashankou and indistinct work of separate services on processing of transit freights there are unjustified delays, with technical capabilities of their admission in established periods.

6. Lack of the state statistics of the existing transit freght traffics on all means of transport (except for departmental railway statistics) that doesn't allow estimating and analyzing use of transit capacity of the republic regularly objectively.

7. Lack of monitoring of transit transportations both along transport corridors of Kazakhstan, and along alternative routes, necessary for timely taking measures to increase of competitiveness of domestic transit corridors and attraction of additional freght traffics to thoroughfares of the republic.

8. The lack of interdepartmental coordination interfering development of flexible and competitive administrative decisions, an exchange of operational information in the field of transit and to simplification of customs formalities.

9. Lack of operational information on physical and not physical obstacles along the line of foreign carriers at transit through the territory of RK creates now a serious barrier to their timely elimination that doesn't promote increase of competitiveness of the Kazakhstan transit corridors and reduces their appeal to foreign carriers.

10. Absence of the body responsible for carrying out a consistent state policy for effective use, development and improvement of transit capacity of the republic [2, with. 77].

For reforming of transport system of the Republic of Kazakhstan Transport strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan till 2015 was accepted [3]

The purpose of Strategy is the advancing development of a transport and communication complex capable in full to satisfy needs of economy and the population for transport services.

Proceedings from a goal, according to long-term social and economic and geopolitical priorities of the state strategic problems of development of transport system are:

· integration of transport system of Kazakhstan with world transport system by increase of a level of development of transport infrastructure, competitiveness of domestic carriers in a foreign market of transport services, and also efficiency of use of transit potential;

· formation of the uniform externally integrated transport space and creation of modern perspective national transport infrastructure on the basis of the modified model of a meridional and width arrangement of the main thoroughfares, binding routes and knots in the East-West and North-South directions;

· achievement of the greatest efficiency of transport processes and decrease in a share of a transport component in the cost of end products in the internal, transit and export-import message by improvement of system of state regulation, increase and effective realization of transport transit potential and use of modern technologies;

· harmonization of the national transport legislation with requirements of the international legislative standards and standards within the regional and international organizations;

· strengthening of a common economic space and development of interregional communications, and also ensuring transport availability at the level guaranteeing social stability through development and effective use of transport infrastructure;

· increase of competitiveness of transport system of Kazakhstan due to innovative technologies and cluster development of infrastructure;

· safety of transport processes, decrease in quantity and weight of incidents on transport;

· ensuring ecological safety of irrational use of energy resources through carrying out a purposeful state policy in establishment of the environmental standards meeting the international standards, and control of their execution;

· formation of favorable investment climate in transport sector [3].

Taking into account the strategic tasks defined above the state policy concerning development of transport system of Kazakhstan is based on the following key principles:

1) transport services and transport infrastructure have to be available.

The cost of transport services has to be proportional to the level of the income of citizens of Kazakhstan, including lower-income strata and disabled people. Coverage by transport connection has to be carried out in such degree that each citizen of Kazakhstan irrespective of the place of residence had the guaranteed access to objects of social infrastructure;

2) transport has to be safe for life and health.

Influence of transport as source of the increased technogenic and ecological danger has to be minimized. Realization of complex measures for decrease in quantity and weight of transport incidents and negative influence of transport on health of the population and environment has to become one of political priorities of development of transport system;

3) transport has to develop within the integrated system of separate branches and economy in general.

Separate branches of transport have to develop in uniform structure of transport system. Development of transport and transport infrastructure has to be coordinated to programs of perspective placement of productive forces and territorial development. Development of interregional communications has to promote strengthening of a common economic space;

4) the transport infrastructure and transport services have to be self-sustaining in the maximum degree.

The direct and indirect collecting raised from users of transport infrastructure including the transit movement, has to compensate costs of its contents and maintenance in the maximum degree, and also to make a contribution to capital investments. The cost of services of transport has to become covered fully at the expense of users, except for cases when providing a minimum level of transport services is guaranteed by the state;

5) functions of the state have to be reduced to development of transport policy, regulation and financing.

Direct providing transport services by the state enterprises have to be minimized. All structural reforms on transport with transfer of functions to the state enterprises for management of infrastructure have to be complete. Questions of rendering transport services and the maintenance of infrastructure have to be under authority of the private sector. The state will also encourage involvement of the private sector to implementation of infrastructure projects.

Successful implementation of the tasks requires effective state regulation of transport system which has to be carried out in the following directions:

· improvement of the legislation in the sphere of transport;

· improvement of mechanisms of licensing and certification of subjects, production and services of transport;

· improvement of tariff and price regulation on separate kinds of activity of transport;

· improvement of fiscal policy in the sphere of transport;

· reforming of system of technical regulation in the sphere of transport;

· increase of efficiency of control and supervising activity (the right application mechanism) on transport;

· increase of level of interaction of the central and local executive bodies;

· creation of uniform system of planning of development and modernization of a transport complex on the basis of use of indicators of social and economic development and methods of forecasting of volumes of transportations;

· development of small and medium business in the sphere of transport;

· creation of favorable climate and stimulation of financial institutions for investment into a transport complex;

· increase of a role of public associations;

· reforming of system of technical regulation in the sphere of transport.

Considering the increase of volumes of transportations and level of auto mobilization predicted in the short term, already today there is an urgent need in acceptance of effective measures for prevention of increase of accident rate on transport and to safety of transport processes.

As it is noted in the Program, the state has to provide, on the one hand, liberalization, simplification of procedures, and on the other hand, transparency, control and prevention. In this regard the Program provides increase of efficiency and systemacity of control of technical condition of vehicles; increase of efficiency of control of observance of the established traffic safety rules; creation of uniform system of training, confirmation of compliance and licensing of activities for safety on all means of transport; active introduction of modern, highly reliable equipment and equipment, diagnostic aids and repair, etc.

It would be desirable to allocate one of the key directions of development of transport system providing ecological safety of transport and decrease in negative impact of transport processes on environment. The state supposes restriction and the stage-by-stage termination of import of the vehicles which aren't meeting the ecological requirements by means of development and deployment of the relevant systems of monitoring and application of economic incentives. Along with it, transition to the international standards of ecological safety of vehicles, including the transit movement will be provided; and also increase of responsibility of owners and operators of transport infrastructure for causing damage to environment as a result of operation of infrastructure, including creation of services of environmental control and providing their regular reporting before the central authorized body.

The specified directions of development of transport system of Kazakhstan have to be carried out by legal support of the corresponding transformations. Transit potential represents set of the external and internal factors and conditions defining possibilities of the state to provide services in implementation of the international transit through the territory. Efficiency of use of transit potential is defined by ability of the state fully to realize the available opportunities.

In this regard a priority of the state is providing legal bases and creation of necessary economic conditions for development of transport system, including multimodal transportations and creation of the logistic centers.

Certainly, reforming of transport system, increase of its technological and technological level will demand considerable capital investments both from the state, and from the private sector. At the same time experience of the developed countries shows that investment into development of this sphere is completely justified and allows reaching in short terms high economic effect.

References:

1. The message of the President of the Republic Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan of December 14, 2012. Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050". A new political course of the taken place state / the official site of the President of the Republic Kazakhstan. - Astana, Akorda, 2012.

2. Ermakov V. Kazakhstan in the modern world. Edition 4. - Almaty: IDES "Zhibek Zholy", 2007. - 208 pages.

3. The decree of the President of Kazakhstan of April 11, 2006 No. 86 "About transport strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan till 2015"//www.customs-review.kz.