Медицина / 9. Гигиена и эпидемиология

The candidate of medical science Bekkazinova D.B., the master Abdrazakova S.U., Syzdykov D.M., Tokkozhina A.R., Kaltoreeva B.K.

Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov, Kazakhstan

STUDYING OF CONDITION OF MICROCLIMATE AND LIGHTING IN EDUCATIONAL PREMISES OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (WITH KAZNMU AS AN EXAMPLE)

Timeliness of the problem: The contemporary student spends the bigger proportion of time within the university’s walls. The premises become a specific environment for the students. Favorable conditions such as sufficient lighting and comfortable microclimate are necessary for health and high working life of the students in rooms and auditoriums. Parameters of microclimate make direct influence onto thermal wellbeing, working life, but besides they might assist diseases occurrence [1]. For example, decreasing of temperature and air velocity assists strengthening of convective heat exchange and process of heat emission at sweat loss, which can lead to overcooling of body. Light provides connection with environment; it has high biological and tonic effect. It was found, that as at low and so at too high level of lighting the vision organs – eyes quickly tire [2]. In first case because of constant tension, in second case – because of frequent adjustment, which in most cases leads to myopia development.

Aim of the work. Studying of main parameters of microclimate and lighting in educational premises of higher educational institution and development of hygienic recommendations.

Tasks are:

1. To study the main parameters of microclimate (temperature, moisture and air velocity) in educational premises of higher educational institution (with KazNMU as an example).

2. To determine levels of natural and artificial lighting on working surfaces.

3. To conduct questionnaire survey of the students on subjective feeling of microclimate comfort level.

4. To compare the results of the research with the required norms and to develop hygienic recommendations.

Materials and methods of the study. The object of the study is Kazakh National Medical University named after S.D. Asfendiyarov, which is located in Almaty city. Microclimate estimation had been done on the basis of studying of its main parameters in the buildings: Intro #2 – epidemiology department; Intro #7 – anatomy department; Intro #7 – histology department; auditory building – Russian language department; Educational building #2 – English language department, Communal hygiene department; the measurement had also been done in the dormitories of the university #3 and #7 – reading room. The measurement had been conducted by one room or auditorium of the stated departments and the results of the indices had been matched with the norms on microclimate [3] and lighting [4].

Air temperature and relative humidity had been determined with Assmann aspirated psychrometer, air velocity – with anemometer AP1M, natural and artificial lighting – with luxometer/light meter TKA-PKM [5].

Studying of subjective feelings of the students had been conducted with the aid of questionnaire survey with the university as a base, corresponding to the chosen zones of observation. The following issues had been clarified: estimation of microclimate comfort level, feelings of the students during classes (feeling of cooling of their extremities), and subjective opinion of the students on sufficiency of natural and artificial lighting, presence of tension of visual analyzer during work of the student.

Own studies:

Optimal temperature according to the norms [3] is 20-22°С, allowable is from 18-24°С. The temperature corresponds to the optimal only at one histology department - 22°С. Significant exceeding of the temperature was observed in English language department - 27,3°. The temperature at the communal hygiene department was lower than allowable norms - 17°С. In other studied premises the temperature fluctuated within allowable norms. Sharp fluctuations along the vertical and along the horizontal had not been found.

Relative humidity according to the norms [3] optimal is 45-30%, and allowable is -60%. Humidity does not correspond to the norms only at one department – English language 72%. According to the results of the measurements the air velocity in all studied rooms and auditoriums of the university does not exceed 0,01 m/sec.

Level of natural lighting in daylight factor for lateral lighting in rooms and auditoriums must be according to the requirements [4] 1%, and in reading rooms 1,2%. The premises of English language department (0,13%), epidemiology (0,69%), communal hygiene (0,59%), reading room of dormitory #7 (0,22%) do not correspond to the requirements for natural lighting. At the English language department the level of natural lighting has grossest deviations from the hygienic norms. The department is located in the premise with annex, without natural lighting and air supply, which led to practically complete absence of natural light access and microclimate indices imbalance. The level of daylight factor corresponds to the norm at the departments of anatomy (2,57%), histology (2,4%), Russian language (7,31%); in the reading room of dormitory #3 - (2,12%).

According to the norms [4] the level of artificial lighting should be not less than 400 lux for rooms and auditoriums, and also for reading rooms. According to the results of luxometry there is insufficient artificial lighting at the departments of epidemiology - 105 lux, English language - 84 lux, communal hygiene – 68 lux, dormitories #3 – 153 lux and #7 – 90 lux. The artificial lighting is at the level of the norm at the departments of anatomy (430 lux), histology (480 lux), Russian language (580 lux).

According to the subjective opinion of the respondent students the following results had been received: 24% of students consider the microclimate as uncomfortable, 10% out of respondents – as discomfortable, 24% - as optimal, 22% - as allowable, 22% - as comfortable. At 24% of students during classes there was cooling of the extremities, in 22% - it was sometimes observed, in 55% - such signs had not been noted.

At the estimation of sufficiency of natural lighting 84% consider it as sufficient, 16% - insufficient. The same question was asked also in relation to artificial lighting 83% - consider it as sufficient, 18 % - as insufficient. At that, 10% out of respondents during classes notice tension of visual analyzer, 48% - do not notice it and 40% - notice it sometimes.

The results of the conducted work allowed formulating of the following conclusions:

1. Exceeding of the allowable temperature had been observed at the English language department. Air temperature in the educational premises was lower than the norm at the communal hygiene department. At the rest 6 department the temperature regimen is favorable.

2. Air humidity does not correspond to the requirements at one (English language department) out of 8 control points.

3. Air velocity in all studied premises is within the norm.

4. The measurement of natural lighting level had showed the complete mismatch of daylighting in the rooms for English language and reading room of dormitory #7.

5. The measurement of artificial lighting had showed, that in five out of eight premises the insufficiency of artificial lighting is observed (departments of epidemiology, English language, communal hygiene and reading rooms of dormitories).

6. The location of English language department does not correspond to the hygienic norms along all indicators. It is prohibited to locate educational premises without natural lighting and air supply, which influenced the results of the research.

7. 34% of the students consider the microclimate of the educational premises of the higher educational institution as uncomfortable or discomfortable, which is revealed as the feeling of the extremities cooling (24%), which confirms our objective studies.

8. 16% of the students are not satisfied by the level of natural lighting, 18% - by the level of artificial lighting, which explains tension of visual analyzer at 10% of the students during classes.

Recommendations:

1) To transfer educational rooms of English language department into other premise.

2) It is necessary to increase the surface of the heating appliances in the premises of the communal hygiene department.

3) To transfer the reading room of dormitory #7 into other less shadowed premise.

4) To use in the light fittings the lamps of suitable power and total increase of light fittings and power of lamps in the premises with insufficient lighting.

5) To restrict direct glare by usage of the correspondent armature.

6) To provide left-sided lateral lighting in the educational rooms.

7) To regularly clean the lighting armature and windows.

Literature:

1) Белов С.В. «Безопасность жизнедеятельности: учебник для вузов» С.В.Белов, А.В. Ильницкая, А.Ф. Козьяков. — 4-е изд. испр. и доп. М.: Высшая школа, 2004.

2) С.В.Кравков, «Глаз и его работа». Издание АН СССР 1962 г.

3) ГОСТ 30494-96 «Здания жилые и общественные. Параметры микроклимата в помещениях».

4) СНиП РК 2.04-05-2002 «Естественное и искусственное освещение».

5) «Руководство к практическим занятиям по коммунальной гигиене», Б.А. Неменко, Д.Б.Бекказинова, Г.А, Арынова, Г.Б.Елгондина.