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Abreu Bastos,
Oksana
Associate Professor, Ph.D.
Makazan,
Evgenia
Ph. D.
in Economics, Associate Professor
Zaporozhye
National University, Ukraine
Koshulko, Vladyslav
Student of Karol Adamiecki
University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Contribution
of Ukrainian Labor Migrants in the Development of Europe's Economies: Ukraine's
Loss, the Worldwide Benefit
Introduction. From the end of the last century, the fourth wave of Ukrainian migration
began, which drove a significant flow of Ukrainian migrant workers to the
European Union. The labor migrants have played a special role in the modern history and the
economies of Portugal, Italy, Spain, Greece, Poland, the Czech Republic, etc.
Today the Ukrainian labor migrants, very diligent and educated, continue to
play a significant role in building these countries' economies. Very often
Ukrainian women, the labor migrants, leave their families and their young
children to search for work in other countries. In Ukraine, this phenomenon is
called "the social orphan of children with living parents". The main
reasons that motivate Ukrainian women to leave for work abroad are low wages in
Ukraine (52.8%), the high level of unemployment (31.7%), and financial debts
(29.7%). Ukrainian women take away their children and their families from
Ukraine to their new homeland that gives them protection, stability, confidence
in the future, and retirement pensions. Although they are working as
caretakers, cleaners, and employees in markets and supermarkets, etc., their
role in the economies of these countries can’t be overemphasized. Experts have
called this phenomenon "the phenomenon of female migration". Unfortunately, very often the Ukrainian labor
migrants are victims of the criminal gangs of illegal Human Trafficking: facing
human rights violations, social insecurity, violence, discrimination, and
gender inequality. Nevertheless, they continue their very difficult journey in search of a better life in Portugal, Italy, Greece,
Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, etc.
What are Ukraine's losses?
Accordingly, the total absence
of support from the Ukrainian government for the migrant workers and their
families means that the Ukrainian migrant workers make all efforts to start
their new life abroad, and do not return to Ukraine. In
some countries of Europe they are using their right for family
reunions.
What do other countries receive
– those recipients of the Ukrainian labor migrants?
The recipient country receives
the educated, hardworking people, who are able to the quickly learn the
different professions and language.
Moreover, the migration is not
limited only to specialists with workers qualifications. Very
often the recipient country receives the highly qualified specialists –
Ph.D.’s, doctors, physicians, teachers, and lawyers. This is a great success
for the recipient country - getting the ready professionals from a country that
doesn’t want to take care of them. Otherwise, how can we explain the tenfold
difference in pay of an Associate Professor with a Ph.D. between Ukraine and
other countries of Europe? We can explain this situation only by the lack of
desire of Ukraine to take care of its citizens, both inside the country and
abroad. It means that Ukraine is losing, very often permanently, the
working-age population, young people "the golden gene pool", and
seeing a “Brain Drain” of the country.
Conclusions.
Ukraine, as the state, doesn't
care about the economically active population: the men and women who can't find
work inside the country and need to look for work abroad, nor about their
children, who are "the social orphans with living parents" when their
parents leave for work abroad. Very often the Ukrainian state does not want to
see the problems of the Ukrainian labor migrants abroad, and does not help or
support them in any way during very difficult situations in their lives abroad.
Sometimes
it is the cause of irreparable harm for the life and the health of the
Ukrainian labor migrants, the especially the illegal migrants.
Often they can be in inhuman conditions of existence in
their work abroad.
The most-affected people are
women and children. Unfortunately, very often the illegal migrants are
victims of the criminal gangs of Human Trafficking, facing human rights
violations, social insecurity, violence, discrimination, and gender inequality.
So, if Ukraine will not change its relations to the
Ukrainian labor migrants and their problems, if the state will not address
"the phenomenon of female migration" and Brain Drain of Ukraine as national
threats, then in the near future this country will await a very negative shift in
demographics and economic processes that will become irreversible.
References:
1. Koshulko, Oksana; Koshulko, Vladyslav, (2012), Human
Capital in Ukraine: How We Do Not Value What We Have. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 180.
2. Makazan, Evgenia. (2013). Gender Issues of
Human Capital in Ukraine. “Gender” International Student Congress of Faculty of
Arts and Sciences, Maltepe University, p. 34.
3.
Koshulko, Oksana; Koshulko,
Vladyslav, 2013, “Regression of Human Capital in Ukrainian Science and Education:
International Experience in Overcoming”, National
Interests Priorities and Safety, 8(197), pp. 29-35.
4.
Koshulko, Vladyslav, 2013, “Gender and Media
in Different Countries of the World: Comparative Characteristics”, “Gender”
International Student Congress of Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Maltepe University, p. 68.
5.
Koshulko, Oksana, 2012, “The Study
of the Minimum Wage in Ukraine and its Impact on the Development of Human
Capital”, Economic Analysis in Theory and
Practice, 7(262), pp. 58-63.
URL: http://www.fin-izdat.ru/journal/analiz/detail.php?ID=48399