Yessenbayeva
A.M.
M.Kh.Dulaty Taraz State University,
Kazakhstan
ÒHE FEATURES OF KAZAKH LINGUISTICS IN THE XX - EARLY XXI
CENTURIES
Linguistics is
the scientific study
of human language [1.30]. Linguistics
can be broadly broken into four categories or subfields of study: interlinguistics, external linguistics, history of Kazakh language, the law standard of language.
The first subfield of
linguistics is interlinguistics. It is the study of language structure,
or grammar. This
focuses on the system of rules followed by the users of a language. It includes
the study of morphology (the
formation and composition of words), syntax (the
formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound
systems). Phonetics is a
related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech
sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. Lexicology is the part of linguistics which
studies words.
Function of stylistic that investigates speech on the level of phonetics is
called phonostylistics. It studies the functional differentiation of
pronunciation. Morphonology is a branch of linguistics that studies the
structure, the system of phonemes and morphemes variation of a language is not
completely out of the output characteristics of its phonology, and the totality
of the phenomena of nature morphonological specific to the language. Word
formation is the formation of new words (derivatives) of cognate words and
arose as a result of the formal semantic relationship between the derivative
and producing his word [4.112].
The second subfield of
linguistics is external
linguistics. Linguistics also looks at the broader context in which language is
influenced by social, cultural, historical and political factors. It is divided
into two fields: 1)
sociolinguistics, which investigates language as
it functions in society; the study of the interaction between linguistic and
social variables. This includes the study of ethnolinguistics, graphical linguistics, cultural linguistics, comparative - historical linguistics.2) metalinguistics which
explores branch of linguistics that studies the features of the substantive
aspect of language in relation to thought and social life of the speaker's
staff as essential insights into the nature of linguistic units and regularities
of their functioning. It includes the study of psycholinguistics, which
explores the representation and function of language in the mind, neurolinguistics, which
looks at language processing in the brain, aesthetics, logical-grammar, linguistic philosophy, cognitive linguistics.
The third is the history
of Kazakh language. It investigates formation and development of language. It
is divided into two fields, such as historical grammar and history of
literature. The fourth is the law standard of language.
The last years
Kazakh linguistics is developing, it has own ideas, new branches, methods and
new investigation objects. Linguistics is not communication
tool in XX-XXI centuries, it is also evolution of linguistic ideas.
External
linguistics is a branch of linguistics, founded in XX century and the beginning
of the XXI emerging new areas of its ideas and methods, and begins full
development of these new targets.
The
primary importance and research facilities, the perception of the environment
and human qualities by communicating the value of open discourse fields of
external linguistics:
- Ethno- linguistics
- Cognitive linguistics
- Computational linguistics
- Psycholinguistics
- Sociolinguistics
- Generative linguistics
- Anthropology linguistics
- Pragmalinguistics
- Paralinguistics and etc.
1. Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called cultural linguistics) is
a field of linguistics which
studies the relationship between language and culture, and the way different
ethnic groups perceive the world. It is the combination between ethnology and
linguistics [2].
2. Cognitive
linguistics (CL)
refers to the branch of linguistics that
interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes
specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms. It is thus closely
associated with semantics but
is distinct from psycholinguistics, which
draws upon empirical findings from cognitive psychology in order to explain the
mental processes that underlie the acquisition, storage, production and
understanding of speech and writing.
3. Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based
modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.
4. Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to
acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.
5. Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect
of any and all aspects of society, including
cultural norms, expectations, and
context, on the way language is
used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the
effect of the society on the language, while the sociology of language focuses
on language's effect on the society [2].
6. Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms
in the human brain that
control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. As an
interdisciplinary field, neurolinguistics draws methodology and theory from
fields such asneuroscience, linguistics, cognitive science, neurobiology, communication disorders, neuropsychology, and computer science.
7. Generative linguistics is a school of thought within linguistics that
makes use of the concept of a generative grammar. The term "generative grammar" is
used in different ways by different people, and the term "generative
linguistics" therefore has a range of different,
though overlapping, and meanings [3].
8. Anthropological linguistics is the study of the relations between language and culture and
the relations between human biology, cognition and language.
9.
Paralinguistics is a branch of linguistics studying sound features that
accompany speech but do not pertain to language. Paralinguistics studies, for
example, loudness of speech, uncodified variations in intonation, the
distribution of pauses, and sounds used to fill pauses [3].
10.
Pragmalinguistics is a branch of linguistics studying theory and practice.
The relevance of external
linguistics to the fields like anthropology, cognitive science, language study,
philosophy, psychology, and sociology and etc. has been recognized for a long
time. It has been investigated clearly in
the XX-XXI centuries. These fields are main problems of Kazakh
linguistics XX - early XXI centuries.
Bibliography:
1. Kaydarov.A.T. The problems of Kazakh
linguistics.-Almaty: 1998.-181 áåò
2. Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia. 7 volume,-544p.
3. Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia. 5
volume,-532 p.
4. Problems of linguistics. ¹4,1956