A.H. Tleuov D.Sc.,  I.A. Pyastolova Ph.D., A.A. Tleuova Ph.D.

S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Kazakhstan

USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The resources of renewable energy are enormous and available to each country. The amount of solar energy received on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the week, exceeds the energy of all oil, gas, coal and uranium reserves.

Electricity and liquid fuels are essential for human life, since these two sources of energy efficiency are given free energy which can be converted into work.

Ownership of free energy resources can eliminate poverty, hunger and war, provided with the education and ensure a decent standard of living.

Humanity does not threaten the energy crisis due to the depletion of oil, gas, coal and uranium, if it has mastered the technology of renewable energy and will be able to find the optimal combination of renewable and exhaustible resources. In this case, the problem will be solved environmental pollution emissions from power plants and transport, ensuring quality products the supply voltage, education, health care, increase the duration to the length and quality of life.

A new trend of world energy development is the rise of decentralized production of electricity and thermal energy environmentally friendly power plants. [1] The number of major environmentally dangerous power plants will be reduced. This trend is due, on the one hand, climate change and the need for implementation of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, on the other hand, decentralization of fuel and energy increases energy security of the regions and the country as a whole. Moreover, distributed and fuel-free energy production with the use of local energy resources reduces the costs and risks of oil-importing countries and increase the export potential of exporting energy resources.

To the development of the renewable energy market, there exist psychological, economic, technological, legislative and informational barriers.

Traditional energy, which is based on exhaustible energy sources, at its core is the most conservative industry. Currently, energy companies have a monopoly in the production and transmission of electrical energy. In its activities, the producers of electricity is not take into account the interests of consumers of this energy, but if there is no consumption of energy produced, then lost all meaning in its production. Experience the 90s demonstrated that when the sharp reduction in the consumption of electric energy power capacity were loaded on 20-30% and, as a result of downtime have to increase energy production to replace obsolete equipment. Ignoring the interests of consumers of electric power also leads to a very low overall efficiency of the energy system.

The trend of increase in the proportion of decentralized production of electricity and thermal energy environmentally friendly power plants and the existing legal framework is not in the interest of these companies.

In addition, one of psychological barriers is an almost complete lack of a unified state policy aimed at energy conservation and energy efficiency, conservation of the natural human environment. The evidence of this - the lack of training of specialists in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of energy management. Energy industry executives need to understand that energy development should not go the way of commissioning of large conventional power plants (especially focus on nuclear power), and through intelligent combination of traditional and renewable energy sources, switching to energy-saving technology and energy-efficient equipment.

Economic barriers are associated with a relatively high unit cost of renewable energy equipment. The internal market is not developing renewable energy resources due to low demand and the lack of legislation protecting the rights of independent producers of clean energy.

In the development strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan up to 2020 states indicated that one of the priorities should be the optimization of the management of sustainable development and the introduction of a "green" policy of low-carbon economy, including in attracting investment, environmental issues, reduce the effects of anthropogenic pressures, increased responsibility natural resources to reduce emissions into the environment, an integrated waste management [1].

To perform the development plan for 2009 was adopted the Law "On the support of renewable energy."

However, the law on renewable energy only defined the idea that renewable energy sources should be used, but there are no regulations on the mechanisms of implementation. All this has led to the fact that almost two years since the adoption of the law was not implemented any major project on renewable energy.

As information, barriers should be noted that a significant part of power industry of Kazakhstan and the public due to the lack of reliable information and related knowledge develops misconceptions about energy from renewable energy sources. Energy from renewable energy sources is based entirely on other principles as opposed to the traditional one. Therefore, the lack of basic knowledge of the theoretical and practical problems in the use of renewable sources of energy leads to the fact that some of the local experts have suggested that a renewable energy source in Kazakhstan has almost no chance. Substantiated by the fact that, first, the cost of electricity produced from wind and biomass, according to preliminary calculations, the cost will be higher than the "traditional" electricity is 2-4 times and even higher in solar installations. In addition, secondly, Kazakhstan has very large reserves of low-cost hydrocarbons.

Energy is not limited to the role of renewable energy sources. They are active and positive-negative affect the decision of the three global problems: energy, environment, food [1]. This is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 - The role of renewable energy in the context of the three global problems of humanity (+ Positive impact - negative impact, 0 - lack of influence)

Type of resources or facilities	energy	environment	food
Wind turbines	+	+	+
Small and micro hydroelectric power station	+	+	+
Solar thermal systems	+	+	+
Solar PV Installation	+	+	+
Geothermal power plants	+	+/-	0
Geothermal heat installation	+	+/-	+
Biomass. Incineration of municipal solid waste отходов	+	+/-	0
The biomass. Burning of agricultural wastes, wastes of wood processing	+	+/-	+
The biomass. Bioenergetics processing waste	+	+	+
Biomass. Gasification	+	+	0
Biomass. Production of liquid fuels	+	+	+

Literature:

1. P.P. Bezrukih, D.S. Strebkov. Renewable Energy: Vozobnovlyaemaya energetika: Strategiya, Resursy, Tehnologii. - Moscow, VIESKH.2005.