Экономические науки/1. Банки и банковская система
Master of 1 course
of the Institute of World Economy and Finance
Bokova Natalia
Volgograd State University, Russia
The state's role in the modern economy
Any modern economy -
it is a combination of monopoly and competition. In industrialized countries
market ratio between them is held, as a rule, within the range that allows
increase economy and increase efficiency. The Russian monopoly is skewed
excessive in nature and goes far beyond the norms dictated by the market. Do
not rely solely on the market, believing that he can do everything. There are
functions that he is simply unable to perform even in the most ideal case when
provided the conditions of perfect competition or those close to them. Such
cases received in the name of economic theory of market failures. Under market
failure neoclassical theory understands the situation in which the unregulated
market does not provide the best solution. Even from the point of view of
economic efficiency, and does not allow to achieve the social goals set by the
company. Therefore, the elements of state regulation, which are designed to
adjust, correct, if not completely eliminate, emerging market imperfections. Market
imperfections is also associated with the presence of the so-called
externalities or spillovers.
Externalities - these
are the costs that the individual or company cause other persons and companies,
but for which the last on the market conditions are not required to pay. This
so-called negative externalities. Externalities - it also benefits that person
or firm receive from the activities of other economic agents, and for which
they are not required to pay, it is a positive externality.
Examples of negative
externalities.
Examples of negative
externalities are:
- Pollution
industrial enterprise, their emissions of gases and particulate matter in the
atmosphere;
- Discharge of toxic
substances into natural water bodies, which are in common use;
- Violation of
occupational safety rules, the noise of planes and other modes of transport;
- Damage to forests
and agricultural land, as well as fishery resources in the construction of
river dams, and so on.
Damage in this case
the damage is usually either not paid at all or are not fully paid. In a
broader sense all uses of the natural environment, whether human, animal, plant
or inorganic nature, without compensation for the damage caused to it belongs
to the category of negative externalities. In the planned economy, large
enterprises to bear the cost for maintenance of entire villages and towns,
especially in the North, along with their complete infrastructure. However,
strictly speaking, it is not included in production costs. there was a problem
of the enterprise release of these additional costs in the transition to the
market. Meanwhile, there is a typical example of externalities that under
socialism solves almost merge business management with urban management. In
fact, it was a different object management rights in public property. The city
can not exist without the enterprise, and the enterprise - without the city.
Trying their separation today, for example, within the Norilsk Combine, it
argued that "so accepted in market economies." Meanwhile, in the past
a similar merger is not excluded if it maximizes the joint marginal effect.
Throw off the cares of the city, the plant can win in the short term. But is it
really continue to operate profitably and effectively, leaving the northern
city could not capable of independent survival, to fend for themselves?
Examples of positive
externalities.
An illustration of
the positive externalities are:
- The useful effect
of the establishment of enterprises in labor-surplus or chronically depressed
areas, the opposite effect has the closure of the company;
- Construction of
dams for flood protection;
- Construction of
roads and communications, from which economize not only the customer but also
other economic actors who are nearby and have the opportunity of free access;
- Uncontrolled
beneficial effects of some industries, for example, beekeeping contributes to
pollinate useful plants in the county.
In many cases, these
beneficial effects are not paid by consumers, with the market can not make them
pay.
Thus, the existence
of externalities leads to the fact that firms do not pay extra to the cost and
therefore produce more products than it is beneficial to the whole of society,
with negative externalities. Either overpay on costs and therefore produce less
than they otherwise would, with positive externalities.
You can give a more
precise definition of externalities - either positive or negative difference
between private and social marginal cost. In certain limits externalities can
be minimized by distributing the appropriate costs or benefits between the
companies. For example, if the waste of one company adversely affect the
affairs of the other firms may agree among themselves on how to pay for the
reduction or elimination of hazardous waste in the interests of both parties.
In other cases, the problem is solved by combining two or more business
entities for the joint costs of positive externalities that they share. In all
such cases there is the internalization of externalities through the
clarification of property rights.
When the problem of
externalities can not be solved by agreements between the companies, in case
the state has to intervene. Especially if it does not want to allow to destroy
this or that sphere of socially useful activity. The difference between private
and social marginal cost exists everywhere in the modern economy. Therefore,
the market system can not be effective if it works in principle, only on the
basis of the private costs and ignores social - public.
State intervention is
necessary. Meanwhile, the state, too, apparently, are not always able to
determine the exact size of the difference between private and social costs. In
other words, it is impossible to achieve the full effectiveness of the
distribution or the unregulated market or at government intervention. However,
try to minimize the difference needed.
Examples of the
economic goals of the state.
Regulation of the
market, the state of the economy is manifested through the implementation of
its economic functions, which are quite diverse and are aimed at achieving the
following economic objectives:
- Economic growth:
assumes an increase in the volume of production of material goods, improving
their quality, providing a higher standard of living.
- Cost-effectiveness
- requires obtaining the greatest best results at the lowest cost of the limited
production resources.
- Full employment -
will enable anyone who is able and willing to work, employment and workplace
according to their needs and expertise.
- Stable prices:
significant increase or decrease in the general price level will destabilize
the economy as a whole. There is tension, different kind of difficulty in the
economy: inflation and deflation, which is very important to avoid.
- Economic freedom:
entrepreneurs, business entities of the market economy should have in economic
activity a high degree of freedom.
- Equitable
distribution of income: from the perspective of a market economy proceeds
received as a result of competition are valid. The principle of "on an
equal equity - equal to the profit of" acts as a trend. Egalitarian distribution
is unacceptable; At the same time, no group of citizens in a civilized society
should not remain in poverty when others are bathed in luxury.
- Economic security -
ensuring the nominal existence of the state budget. Including at the expense of
various social and charitable funds chronically ill, the disabled, the
handicapped, the elderly and other dependents.
- Trade balance -
includes maintaining a reasonable balance of exports and imports of foreign
trade of the national economy, as well as the balance of international
financial transactions.
This list can be
extended and other objectives, such as improving environmental protection and
so on.
Analysis of these
goals allows you to note that some things can be in contradiction or mutually
exclusive. For example, economic growth and full employment can cause higher
prices and generate inflation. The desire to ensure equality in the
distribution may reduce the motivation for creative, risk-taking work and
thereby weaken economic growth. Therefore, society must develop a system of
priorities in the implementation of the tasks that will be different for
different periods of time, for individual countries and regions. Develop
specific programs to achieve major economic goals of society is at the heart of
economic policy of a State.
Economic policy is
closely related to the domestic and foreign policy of the state, and even with
the state ideology in politics. Economic policy embodies the political views of
the government, the political doctrine of the state and at the same time it is
designed to facilitate the creation of economic conditions, the economic basis
of the state policy. So what political forces, political parties, movements can
have a tangible impact on the economic course of the government's economic
policy.
In the economic
literature there are different approaches to the characterization of the
concept of "economic policy". Here is an alternative definition is
quite common in the world's economic literature. According to the famous German
scientist H. Hirsch, the economic policy of the state is a set of measures
aimed at ensuring the optimization of economic processes that affect them
directly or predetermining their course. Speaking about the content of economic
policy, it is appropriate to take into account several key points:
1. Economic policy
has been influenced by two aspects: changes in the economic situation, on the
one hand, and changes in economic thinking, on the other. They are
interrelated, but at the same time have a relative independence. In the process
of social development economic thinking will inevitably change, as well as
other ideas about values. Therefore, even the traditional solution to the
problems often occurs with new positions.
2. Currently, the
practice shows that the effect of economic policies is higher in the case where
the decisions are taken by the government with a focus on the existing
realities in the country. That is the political balance of power and the
country's level of development: production and technical potential, the state
of the social structure, institutional order at the national and local
government.
3. Economic policy is
an essential tool to support the political course of the country.
These goals are
realized, if the state in the face of the government fulfills at least the
following economic functions:
- Creation of a legal
framework and social environment conducive to the prosperity of the market;
- The protection of
competition;
- The production of
socially important goods and services;
- Protection of the
population from the harmful side effects of entrepreneurship;
- Redistribution of
income and resources;
- Stabilization of
the economy.
State regulation in
agriculture of countries with developed market economy necessarily related to
long-term dynamics of the relationship between prices and costs. Agriculture,
with its large number of independent producers in principle as close as
possible to the free competition model. At the same time, often rural producers
become commercially available industrial products: fuel, fertilizers,
agricultural machinery, and the like. They are opposed by industrial firms,
which operate as a rule, on the basis of oligopolistic. means of production
prices for farmers vary little and have a tendency to systematically increase,
as a rule, overtaking the growth of agricultural prices in the long run. There
are so-called "price scissors".
This made it
necessary to regularly adjust the prices guaranteed by the state, indexing them
by so-called "parity." For parity taken some initial ratio between
agricultural and industrial prices, which relies acceptable and fixed price
increases as parity growth.
A similar system
exists in the framework of the European Union, as well as in almost all
developed countries. As a result, prices for agricultural products everywhere
there were significantly higher than the world price, which sells cheaper
products in less developed countries. In order not to undermine its own
agriculture, the rich countries have, on the one hand, to maintain high import
duties on agricultural products. On the other hand, to pay subsidies to
exporters on the export of domestic agricultural products abroad. The total
amount of subsidies for maintaining agriculture in rich countries is estimated
at $ 100 billion
Russia has also
provided subsidies for agriculture. Neoliberal economists and representatives
of the authorities are constantly demanding the elimination of these subsidies,
arguing that it does not correspond to market practice. In fact, because of the
openness of our domestic market, in contrast to the rich countries, Russian
producers are placed at a disadvantage, since the exports from the US and the
EU continues to be subsidized. For example, it was found that the Dutch or
Danish butter can be in our retail Vologda cheaper only because it is
subsidized imported oil, while our duties are not protected. In addition, our
agriculture is not profitable due to the majority of manufacturers of those
"scissors" price against which the necessary measures have long been
accepted in developed countries.
As always, when it
comes to the state of guaranteed prices, the problem of establishing the right.
Such rates have to be close to the average rates of equilibrium, so as to
prevent any over-or trade deficits. But it solves the problem only in terms of
individual markets.
Making an exception
for food and other agricultural products, market practice and theory does not
allow for the same subsidies for the spiritual spheres of production, as
mentioned above. People can not live without bread and butter, but it is
thought that they could live without the theater, books, magazines and so on.
Thus, modern society chooses public priorities, not always valid regardless of
the interests of its members. Meanwhile, society should take care to preserve
their national culture as much on agriculture, even if it is contrary to market
setting.
State regulation
applies, albeit to a lesser extent, on the commodity markets, especially where
mining production fragmented. For example, for a long time there were
intergovernmental agreements on the stabilization of prices of natural rubber,
tin and some other goods produced mainly in the former colonies. In order to
stabilize prices the States concerned have agreed on the establishment of
so-called "buffer stocks", which allows you to adjust the total
supply in the market, bringing it closer to demand. Again, the need for such
regulation due to the fact that the developed countries, the industry could not
do without a sufficient amount of raw materials.
Примечание
Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РГНФ и
Администрации Волгоградской области в рамках научно-исследовательского проекта
№ 16-12-34020 «Формирование и регулирование рынка трудовых ресурсов
Волгоградской области в условиях функционирования Евразийского экономического
союза»
Bibliography
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the state and society in the system of tax relations in the Russian
Federation//. Gorshkova N.V., Lebedeva N.N. Bulletin of Volgograd State
University. Series 3. Economics. Ecology, 2014, № 2 (21), s.245-251
2. Bokova N.A., Likhomanov O.V. /Statistical analysis
of the views of the public about the effects of the activities of external
labor migrants in the Volgograd Region / NA Bokova, Likhomanov OV .//
Collection: Right, and the problem of the functioning of a modern state
sourcebook 11 th international scientific. -prakt. Conf. Makhachkala, 2014. S.
80 -81.