UDC94(477) “1900/1913”
Sazhko Vasyliy, PhD
Poltava National Technical
Yuri Kondratyuk University
Taking into account the fact that today the completion
of reforming task in the agricultural
sector is extremely important for our country, studying the experience of
reforms in this area must be noteworthy not only researchers but also the
relevant government agencies. It will help to understand better the nature of
the current trends in the development of agriculture of Ukraine will avoid past
mistakes and miscalculations today. Agrarian sector today should be a priority
in Ukraine's economy. With its unique climatic conditions, the best soils in
the world, Ukraine should use its potential to become a major producer of
clean, competitive agricultural production in Europe, which, in turn, should
give a step to the development of a number of industries. To achieve that goal
is possible only if the completion of agrarian reforms and bring the
agricultural sector in line with modern European standards. Through reforms in
agriculture Ukraine at the present stage, it is necessary to study and take
into account the historical experience of reforms in this sector. Study of
theoretical and applied problems of socio-economic transformation in
agriculture Ukraine devoted to the works of famous scientists historians
Berenshteyna L., Panchenko P., Givors S., Kolomiets S., Morgun V., Mikhailyuk V.,
Kadenyuk A.[1]. The purpose and objectives of this paper is the study of the
implementation of the government's agrarian reform in Ukraine in the early
twentieth century, including the distribution of vocational education as an
important part of this process, and analysis of the social base of the
organizations engaged in providing specialized professional knowledge. The
events of 1905 - 1907 showed the need to reform the primary agricultural
sector. Repression peasant’s limitation had been impossible. It was obvious
that it was necessary to expand the social base of the tsarist regime in the
country. The need for reform in agriculture meant not only the head of
government, Stolypin P. and other officials - representatives of the ruling
classes. For example, Chief Managing land management and farming Prince
Vasylchikov, in its report "on the next steps on the agrarian
question" in 1905, wrote that, for political reasons, further delay
measures in the agrarian reform is impossible, that cannot be limited to rejection
or criticism of the Duma introduced projects of various parties should make a
government program on this issue. This program is not limited to land reform,
and should include a range of measures aimed at raising the productive forces
of the population engaged in agriculture, including agricultural trade and
distribution of knowledge. This report is also interesting as it contains a
number of recommendations relevant to modern agrarian reform. These measures
are not applied in the Stolypin agrarian reform in the required size. The
report emphasizes the idea that the redistribution of land ownership in itself
does not give anything. It requires money, and they can give only properly
organized agricultural credit. Credit must have a special character. For
example, credit reclamation in the broadest sense of the word (creating farms,
purchase of agricultural implements, fertilizers, drainage, irrigation,
afforestation, combating gullies, the transition to special crops);
agricultural industrial credit (processing industry); grocery bills and loans. Thus,
the main idea of the government's agrarian reform was to provide
a broad agricultural credit to farmers, along with the redistribution of land
ownership and the introduction of private ownership of land. Only under these
conditions could the farmer, according to the report, to turn the farm into a
profitable commodity and, thereby, to get out of the age poverty. And all the
above cannot be implemented without obtaining specific professional knowledge.
Stolypin P. stated the purpose of the government, which was that the government
wanted to raise peasant land tenure that he wanted to see rich peasant, because
where there is abundance, etc. To achieve this, proposed to free the farmer
from the restrictions that it imposed on the community and give it an
opportunity to consolidate the results of their work to private ownership. But
this does not mean widespread destruction forced the community. It should act
according to the local conditions. The property should be shared where
community is not outdated, the household where the community is not viable, but
it should be strong and hereditary. In other words, the government aims to
create small individual land ownership in rural areas. The Russian tsarist
government tried to create a class of small rural landowners as support for
themselves and guarantee that the future will not be repeated peasant
revolution of 1905 - 1907. An important part of implementation of the
government's agrarian reform in Ukraine in the early twentieth century was the
spread of professional education, as well as Ukrainian peasants for successful
farming needed not only allotments, and professional (agronomic, economic,
technical) knowledge. The social basis of professional knowledge dissemination
in Ukraine were intellectuals. gricultural Society organized professional
schools, research stations, agricultural exhibitions, distributed agricultural
implements and machinery, mechanical workshops organized, distributed books on
agriculture, new agronomic technologies, new varieties of crops, domestic
animals and more. In Ukraine agronomic work initiated congresses farmers and
agricultural societies. During 1906 - 1914 years in the Ukrainian provinces
were fully formed Zemstvo agronomic organization that included precinct
agronomy, collegial bodies - economic or agricultural conventions to develop
agricultural activities in the rural council, their executive bodies -
Agricultural Bureau and the Institute of agronomic meetings. On January 1, 1914
in 9 provinces in 1922 Ukraine worked agricultural specialists, including the
civil service - 12.4%, the public - 87.6%. Most district agronomists working in
the provinces: Kherson - 57, Poltava - 55, Ekaterinoslav - 52 Chernihiv - 48.
In Ukraine, agronomists public service was higher than in Russia, where they
accounted for 74.5% of agronomy staff. At the end of a specified period of
agronomic assistance to the population has no clear system. Among the
educational activities found distributing educational readings, lectures,
talks, courses, publishing professional brochures, posters, leaflets,
organizing literature warehouses, libraries, traveling exhibitions. Thus, in
the early twentieth century, the Russian Empire began Stolypin agrarian reform.
Positive for Ukraine, the impact of government agrarian reform were the
following: an increase in the number of strong, economically, and wealthy
middle-farms; further developed hamlet economic system, the prototype of modern
farming; gained significant development in the Ukrainian village cooperative
movement; substantial assistance (scientific, technical, veterinary, economic,
agronomic) provide local government - zemstvo farms; Agrotechnical increased
level of households; increased use of agricultural machines and mechanisms. So
spread the support zemstvo, cooperatives and other organizations specialized
professional knowledge among the Ukrainian peasantry was an important part of
agrarian reform in Ukraine.
References
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