Сельское хозяйство/3. Земледелие, почвоведение и агрохимия

Candidate of agricultural sciences Shilov M.P., 3rd year student of ABF Ismagilova I.I.

RSE " KostanaiStateUniversity A. Baitursynov" Kazakhstan

QUALITY GRAIN AND TECHNOLOGY FALLOW ON SOUTHERN CHERNOZEM SOILSOF NORTH KAZAKHSTAN.

Northern Kazakhstan is one of the main producers of high quality wheat. Leading role in its delivery system is given rotations having a complete fallow. However, the technology of preparation of complete fallow contains a number of negative side (mineralization of organic matter, exposure to erosive processes, weak absorption of moisture, etc.) the combined action of that reduces agrotechnical efficiency of grain-growing production. For the removal of these defects it is recommended to apply technology of bastard fallow.

The experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2012 in the central part of Kostanay region. Soil area -south black earth black alkali soil. Complete fallow preparing to area technology. In a busy couple, july 5-10, sown pea-oat mixture on green mass with the cleaning at the end of september. Techniques precursor vapor basic processing shown in Table 1. Of fertilizer used in the fallow field in superphosphate kg dose on P₈₀ in 1 ha under wheat in the background of the first bastard fallow have made N₃₀ P₂₀. Analysis was performed on the respective grain techniques.

Studies have shown that the 5-year average yield of wheat in a bastard fallow of options exceeded conjugate pure steam at 1.2-1.8 c/ha. Its advantage is manifested 3 years from 5 years old, still twice the action was equivalent vapor. Grain growth in wet conditions reached 2, 0-3,3 cwt, in arid - 1.0...1.5 c/ha. Bastard fallow, increasing the yield of wheat first, positive effect on the quality (Table 1).Within four years, the two have formed a precursor grain with the same technological properties. The average data for this period of grain produced by nature, glassy, gluten content and quality meet the requirements for strong wheat. The advantage of a busy couple manifested here only to increase the collection of protein per 1 ha of crops on 5,3-6,9 % due to an increase in yields. There was also a tendency to increase grain protein content associated with better use of nitrogen by plants in the balanced nitrogen- phosphorus nutrition.

Table 1

The quality of the wheat grain depending on the type of vapor and its processing techniques *

Viewoffallow	Nature, g/l	Vitreous, %	Protein (N x 5,7), %	WetGluten		Collect the protein, kg/ha
				Content,%	IDG–1
Blade loosening on a 25-27 cm at the end of fallowing(control)
Complete	796 745	78 64	15,84 14,10	30,2 25,3	63 32	318,0 386,3
Bastard	792 767	80 71	15,92 15,53	30,6 29,0	62 55	335,9 475,2
Chisel hoeing at 33-35 cm at the end of fallow
Complete	790 740	79 65	15,93 14,12	30,3 25,6	64 33	324,6 382,6
Bastard	794 767	78 72	16,0 15,48	30,8 28,7	66 56	348,8 486,1
Plowing processing 10-12 cm at the end of fallow
Complete	791 742	76 63	15,56 14,22	29,1 26,4	60 35	264,5 365,4
Bastard	795 765	78 73	15,62 15,14	29,4 28,5	61 57	281,9 419,4
Plowing 25-27 cm in the middle of fallow
Complete	792 738	79 61	16,17 14,05	30,7 25,0	64 30	316,9 365,3
Bastard	789 762	78 72	16,22 15,68	31,3 29,4	62 54	336,6 451,6

* In the numerator - the average for the 2008-2010 and 2012, Denominator - for 2011

Analysis of the various methods of the basic processing fallow predecessors did not reveal significant differences between them. However, several best indicators of protein and gluten content were observed for deep cultural plowing, which appeared equally on both backgrounds. As compared to shallow plowingtreatment this exceeding makes according to 0,6 and 1,6-1,9 %, relatively deep beardless plowingloosening – 0,22…0,33 and 0,4…0,7 %. This fact is associated with increased security nitrogen plants in this embodiment.

In the context of the years in question complete and bastard pairs formed corn gluten content over 32 % once (in 2009) and twice with the amount of more than 28% ( in 2008 and 2010). In 2012, as a result of severe drought and frequent hot winds, and later the cold weather during the grain filling, the resulting grain refers only to the category of «valuable».

The main difference between the technologies fallow observed in 2011, for which data are outlined in the table as a separate line (below the line). The reason was abnormal moistening growing conditions and the associated different ripening wheat. On the background of the employed pair managed to get ripe grain before the autumn bad weather and do make up in good conditions. By all indications it meets the quality requirements of a strong grain. Options on wheat steam cleaner sucked vegetation and doughy phase end - the beginning of wax ripeness came under a long period with the cool weather and drizzling rain (the first decade of September). Even though she moved it in the bud, and maturation took place in warm and dry weather, this time period has led to the loss of crops and loss of quality. Corn was weak have low full-scale mass (738-745 g/l), and the gluten content in it fell to 25,0-26,4 % with the transition to the second group. Compared to employment options, these figures have declined by 22-27 g/l and 2,1-4,4 %. To a lesser degree from the weather affectted vitreousness and protein content. In general, the grain obtained by clean fallow this year, there has been an order of magnitude lower quality and conform to the standards for wheat of medium strength.

Consequently, the technology employed has a fallow high stability in obtaining high-quality first crop of wheat. Thus the frequency of formation of grains with gluten content of 28% or more increased by 20% and 80%.