Ñåëüñêîå õîçÿéñòâî/3. Çåìëåäåëèå, ïî÷âîâåäåíèå è àãðîõèìèÿ
Candidate of agricultural sciences Shilov M.P., 3rd
year student of ABF Ismagilova I.I.
RSE " KostanaiStateUniversity A.
Baitursynov" Kazakhstan
QUALITY GRAIN AND TECHNOLOGY FALLOW
ON SOUTHERN CHERNOZEM SOILSOF NORTH KAZAKHSTAN.
Northern Kazakhstan is one of the main producers of high quality wheat.
Leading role in its delivery system is given rotations having a complete
fallow. However, the technology of preparation of complete fallow contains a
number of negative side (mineralization of organic matter, exposure to erosive
processes, weak absorption of moisture, etc.) the combined action of that
reduces agrotechnical efficiency of grain-growing production. For the removal
of these defects it is recommended to apply technology of bastard fallow.
The experiments were conducted in 2008
and 2012 in the central part of Kostanay region. Soil area -south black earth
black alkali soil. Complete fallow preparing to area technology. In a busy
couple, july 5-10, sown pea-oat mixture on green mass with the cleaning at the
end of september. Techniques precursor vapor basic processing shown in Table 1.
Of fertilizer used in the fallow field in superphosphate kg dose on P80
in 1 ha under wheat in the background of the first bastard fallow have made N30
P20. Analysis was performed on the respective grain techniques.
Studies have shown that the 5-year average yield of wheat in a
bastard fallow of options exceeded
conjugate pure steam at 1.2-1.8 c/ha. Its advantage is manifested 3 years from
5 years old, still twice the action was equivalent vapor. Grain growth in wet
conditions reached 2, 0-3,3 cwt, in arid - 1.0...1.5 c/ha. Bastard fallow,
increasing the yield of wheat first, positive effect on the quality (Table
1).Within four years, the two have formed a precursor grain with the same
technological properties. The average data for this period of grain produced by
nature, glassy, gluten content and quality meet the requirements for strong
wheat. The advantage of a busy couple manifested here only to increase the
collection of protein per 1 ha of crops on 5,3-6,9 % due to an increase in
yields. There was also a tendency to increase grain protein content associated
with better use of nitrogen by plants in the balanced nitrogen- phosphorus
nutrition.
Table 1
The quality of the wheat grain depending on the type of vapor and its
processing techniques *
Viewoffallow |
Nature, g/l |
Vitreous, % |
Protein (N x 5,7), % |
WetGluten |
Collect the protein, kg/ha |
|
Content,% |
IDG–1 |
|||||
Blade loosening on a 25-27 cm at the end of
fallowing(control) |
||||||
Complete |
796 745 |
78 64 |
15,84 14,10 |
30,2 25,3 |
63 32 |
318,0 386,3 |
Bastard |
792 767 |
80 71 |
15,92 15,53 |
30,6 29,0 |
62 55 |
335,9 475,2 |
Chisel hoeing at 33-35 cm at the end of fallow |
||||||
Complete |
790 740 |
79 65 |
15,93 14,12 |
30,3 25,6 |
64 33 |
324,6 382,6 |
Bastard |
794 767 |
78 72 |
16,0 15,48 |
30,8 28,7 |
66 56 |
348,8 486,1 |
Plowing processing 10-12 cm at the end of fallow |
||||||
Complete |
791 742 |
76 63 |
15,56 14,22 |
29,1 26,4 |
60 35 |
264,5 365,4 |
Bastard |
795 765 |
78 73 |
15,62 15,14 |
29,4 28,5 |
61 57 |
281,9 419,4 |
Plowing 25-27 cm in the middle of fallow |
||||||
Complete |
792 738 |
79 61 |
16,17 14,05 |
30,7 25,0 |
64 30 |
316,9 365,3 |
Bastard |
789 762 |
78 72 |
16,22 15,68 |
31,3 29,4 |
62 54 |
336,6 451,6 |
*
In the numerator - the average for the 2008-2010 and 2012, Denominator - for
2011
Analysis of the various methods of the basic processing fallow
predecessors did not reveal significant differences between them. However,
several best indicators of protein and gluten content were observed for deep
cultural plowing, which appeared equally on both backgrounds. As compared to
shallow plowingtreatment this exceeding makes
according to 0,6 and 1,6-1,9 %, relatively deep beardless plowingloosening
– 0,22…0,33 and 0,4…0,7 %. This fact is
associated with increased security nitrogen plants in this embodiment.
In the context of the years in question complete and bastard pairs
formed corn gluten content over 32 % once (in 2009) and twice with the amount
of more than 28% ( in 2008 and 2010). In 2012, as a result of severe drought
and frequent hot winds, and later the cold weather during the grain filling,
the resulting grain refers only to the category of «valuable».
The main difference between the technologies fallow observed in 2011,
for which data are outlined in the table as a separate line (below the line).
The reason was abnormal moistening growing conditions and the associated
different ripening wheat. On the background of the employed pair managed to get
ripe grain before the autumn bad weather and do make up in good conditions. By
all indications it meets the quality requirements of a strong grain. Options on
wheat steam cleaner sucked vegetation and doughy phase end - the beginning of
wax ripeness came under a long period with the cool weather and drizzling rain
(the first decade of September). Even though she moved it in the bud, and
maturation took place in warm and dry weather, this time period has led to the
loss of crops and loss of quality. Corn was weak have low full-scale mass
(738-745 g/l), and the gluten content in it fell to 25,0-26,4 % with the
transition to the second group. Compared to employment options, these figures
have declined by 22-27 g/l and 2,1-4,4 %. To a lesser degree from the weather
affectted vitreousness and protein content. In general, the grain obtained by
clean fallow this year, there has been an order of magnitude lower quality and
conform to the standards for wheat of medium strength.
Consequently, the technology employed has a fallow
high stability in obtaining high-quality first crop of wheat. Thus the
frequency of formation of grains with gluten content of 28% or more increased
by 20% and 80%.