Turezhanov S.U.
A.Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Kazakhstan
FACTORS OF
TRANSITION OF KAZAKHSTAN TO «GREEN ECONOMY»
In the 70-ies of
XX century worldwide sharply deteriorated environmental problems. Before
economics was a problem understanding the prevailing trends of
environmental-economic development and the development of fundamentally new
concepts of development.
Besides the
problems of technogenic character, uncontrolled activities involving natural
resources creates a serious economic malaise as the dependence of the rate of
economic growth from natural resource endowments. Dutch disease - a condition
of the economy, which is characterized by two symptoms. First - boosting
production and export of raw materials. Second - the decrease in domestic
industrial production. The appearance of the second symptom is inextricably
linked with the first. In other words, the «Dutch disease» - is a state of the
economy, which dampens the export of raw materials in the national economy.
Conditions for
the emergence of Dutch disease are an open economy and the relatively higher
security of the country in natural resources. Countries that meet these
conditions, and experienced during the «Dutch disease». And marveled at the country regardless of
the level of development and some national peculiarities of the economy: from
Australia and Holland (the country gave the name of the disease) to the Guianas
and Zambia. «Resource curse» can be attributed to countries with different
levels of development of the market economy and political system.
Such dependence Richard M. Auty term called «resource curse» [1].
To establish the
dependence of developing countries on the availability of the necessity or even
an excessive amount of natural resources necessary to identify the main causes
of the economic slowdown.
Among the factors
determining the dynamics of economic development in the context of symptoms of
the «resource curse», the most important are the following:
- decrease the
competitiveness of other sectors of the economy, caused by the increase in the
real exchange rate associated with the inflow of revenues from resources;
- high volatility
of resource revenues in the global market;
- årrors in
government regulation and the development of corruption associated with the
influx of «easy» money into the economy [2].
Mechanism of
active progression of «Dutch disease» to a certain extent known: an increase in
export revenues due to the mining sector of the economy leads to additional
inflow of foreign currency into the country.
In many ways, and
to a large extent, by the predominance of raw otasley strukutre production in
the current model of the economy of Kazakhstan called «brown», which is
characterized by symptoms of the «resource curse» that has not yet been felt in
an explicit form. However, in the long term
«Dutch disease» can lead to the displacement of resource processing
industries in the commodity sector, which creates less value added. In
addition, long-term economic dependence on natural resource exports weakens
incentives for the development of manufacturing industries and the creation of
new technologies.
Definitely need
time to start treatment later «resource curse». The best cure against the
negative consequences of resource dependence is a transition to a different
economic model, based on principles of resource conservation.
Such a model in
the world economy is based on the technologies of «green economy».
By definition,
UNEP «green economy» is the economy «... the result of which are growth of
welfare and social justice , and which at the same time significantly reduces
the environmental risks and the lack of natural resources». It is an economy
with low carbon emissions, efficient use of natural resources and the interests
of the whole society.
Influence of
institutional factors on the development and operation of «resource» of the
economy discussed in detail in the works of Russian scientists [2], which
justify the need for political and economic reforms.
The ideology of
«green economy», in our opinion, to the greatest extent meet the necessary
reforms that effectively fight the effects of «Dutch disease», ensuring:
sustainable development , equality, true prosperity and well-being for all, the
integrity of the earth, people's participation in decision solutions
efficiency, investment in the future
[3].
In the transition
to technology «green economy» with changes in social relations and the need to
change attitudes ñonstitutive. With particular attention to the legal
institutions which underpin the regulation of environmental relations.
In general,
it is necessary to take measures aimed at creating the institutional conditions
for solving the following problems:
- the development
of renewable wind, sun, thermal and hydropower;
- modernization
of housing and communal services, can significantly reduce energy and water
consumption and improve the quality and safety of property, reduce the cost of
its contents;
- sustainable
management of pasture resources, prevent desertification, ensuring the
sustainability of farmers' income;
- modernization
of water management, reducing the existing high water losses and improve the
efficiency of agriculture and utilities.
The concept of
«green economy» appears, in our opinion, as an innovative tool for the next
stage of economic development of Kazakhstan.
References:
1 J.D. Sachs,
A.M. Warner. Natural resource abundance and economic growth //www.nber.org
2 Guriev S., K.
Sonin Economy "resource curse» // www. experttalks.ru
3 Concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the transition to a
"green economy"// Decree of the President of Kazakhstan dated May 30,
2013 ¹ 577 / Ecology and Industry of Kazakhstan. - ¹ 2, 2013