Turezhanov S.U.
A.Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Kazakhstan
FACTORS OF «GREEN ECONOMY» IN KAZAKHSTAN
In the 70-ies of XX century worldwide sharply
deteriorated environmental problems. Before economics was a problem
understanding the prevailing trends of environmental-economic development and
the development of fundamentally new concepts of development.
Besides the problems of technological character,
uncontrolled activities involving natural resources creates a serious economic
malaise as the dependence of the rate of economic growth from natural resource
endowments. Dutch disease - a condition of the economy, which is characterized
by two symptoms. First - boosting production and export of raw materials.
Second - the decrease in domestic industrial production. The appearance of the
second symptom is inextricably linked with the first. In other words, the
«Dutch disease» - is a state of the economy, which dampens the export of raw
materials in the national economy.
Conditions for the emergence of Dutch disease are an
open economy and the relatively higher security of the country in natural
resources. Countries that meet these conditions, and experienced during the
«Dutch disease». And marveled at the
country regardless of the level of development and some national peculiarities
of the economy: from Australia and Holland (the country gave the name of the
disease) to the Guianas and Zambia. «Resource curse» can be attributed to
countries with different levels of development of the market economy and political
system.
Such dependence Richard M. Auty term called
«resource curse» [1].
To establish the dependence of developing countries on
the availability of the necessity or even an excessive amount of natural
resources necessary to identify the main causes of the economic slowdown.
Among the factors determining the dynamics of economic
development in the context of symptoms of the «resource curse», the most
important are the following:
- decrease the competitiveness of other sectors of the
economy, caused by the increase in the real exchange rate associated with the
inflow of revenues from resources;
- high volatility of resource revenues in the global
market;
- årrors in government regulation and the development
of corruption associated with the influx of «easy» money into the economy [2].
Mechanism of active progression of «Dutch disease» to
a certain extent known: an increase in export revenues due to the mining sector
of the economy leads to additional inflow of foreign currency into the country.
In many ways, and to a large extent, by the
predominance of raw sphere of production in the current model of the economy of
Kazakhstan called «brown», which is characterized by symptoms of the «resource
curse» that has not yet been felt in an explicit form. However, in the long
term «Dutch disease» can lead to the displacement of resource processing
industries in the commodity sector, which creates less value added. In
addition, long-term economic dependence on natural resource exports weakens
incentives for the development of manufacturing industries and the creation of
new technologies.
Definitely need time to start treatment later
«resource curse». The best cure against the negative consequences of resource
dependence is a transition to a different economic model, based on principles
of resource conservation.
Such a model in the world economy is based on the
technologies of «green economy».
By definition, UNEP «green economy» is the economy
«... the result of which are growth of welfare and social justice , and which
at the same time significantly reduces the environmental risks and the lack of
natural resources». It is an economy with low carbon emissions, efficient use
of natural resources and the interests of the whole society.
Influence of institutional factors on the development
and operation of «resource» of the economy discussed in detail in the works of
Russian scientists [2], which justify the need for political and economic
reforms.
The ideology of «green economy», in our opinion, to
the greatest extent meet the necessary reforms that effectively fight the
effects of «Dutch disease», ensuring: sustainable development , equality, true
prosperity and well-being for all, the integrity of the earth, people's
participation in decision solutions efficiency, investment in the future [3].
In the transition to technology «green economy» with
changes in social relations and the need to change attitudes constitutive. With
particular attention to the legal institutions which underpin the regulation of
environmental relations.
In general, it is necessary to take measures
aimed at creating the institutional conditions for solving the following
problems:
- the development of renewable resources like: wind,
sun, thermal and hydro power;
- modernization of housing and communal services, can
significantly reduce energy and water consumption and improve the quality and
safety of property, reduce the cost of its contents;
- sustainable management of pasture resources, prevent
desertification, ensuring the sustainability of farmers' income;
- modernization of water management, reducing the
existing high water losses and improve the efficiency of agriculture and
utilities.
The concept of «green economy» appears, in our
opinion, as an innovative tool for the next stage of economic development of
Kazakhstan.
References:
1 J.D. Sachs, A.M. Warner. Natural resource abundance and economic
growth //www.nber.org
2 Guriev S., K. Sonin Economy «resource curse» // www.
experttalks.ru
3 Concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan for
the transition to a «green economy»// Decree of the President of Kazakhstan
dated May 30, 2013 ¹ 577 / Ecology and Industry of Kazakhstan. - ¹ 2, 2013