Turezhanov
S.U.
A.Baitursynov Kostanay State University, Kazakhstan
INTERNATIONAL TENDENCIES OF PASSING TO «GREEN ECONOMY»
As is known, the
economy can be achieved in two ways. The first way - is a variant of extensive
development, in which the main driver of economic growth is the integration
into the economy of new reserves of natural resources, capital and labor.
The second way is
that the growth is carried out through the involvement of new technologies
(innovation), provide economic growth due to less use of factors of production
- natural resources, capital and labor. Innovation cause productivity growth.
The country's economy with the same resources, and sometimes at lower their
volume reaches the top and great results.
About the
possibility of strengthening the negative consequences of economic activity in
terms of consumer behavior predominance of mankind pointed out by M. Veblen in
his institutional theory. Forecasts Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) show that at the current modes of production and consumption
by 2050 in comparison with the beginning of XXI century, the world will lose
two-thirds (from 61 to 72%) of the flora and fauna and
the preservation of natural areas will be irreversibly compromised by 7.5
million square meters. km .
These
circumstances led to an active discussion of the international community in
recent years the need to build a new level of economic thinking, which takes
into account not only the wider interests of the people, but also the state of
our planet as a whole. Such a model of a global system called the «green
economy».
Meaningful «green
economy» is a logical extension of the concept of sustainable development,
based on the account primarily environmental factors of interaction between man
and nature. Ecology in the «green economy» in the XXI century has evolved into
a dynamic economic sector, are increasingly influencing the development of all
economic and social policies.
By definition,
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) «green economy» boost prosperity
and social justice, and provides, at the same time significantly reduces the
risks for the environment and its deterioration.
Despite the
growing popularity, the concept of «green economy» is no different uniform
perception and filling. Among the opponents of the «green economy» are concerns
that the transition to a new economic model will limit the opportunities for
growth and hinder the solution of social problems [1].
Groundlessness of
such presumption is rebutted supporters of «green economy» In particular, the
Report of the WWF Living Planet provides irrefutable evidence of the pernicious
influence of the traditional economy based on uncontrolled consumption of
biological resources, followed by climate change, loss of ecosystem services
and water scarcity.
According to
experts, in the short term «green economy» is able to ensure GDP growth,
increase in per capita income and employment in the same or even higher rates
than the traditional «brown economy». In the medium - and long-term «green
economy» will overtake «brown» and also
give a lot more advantages in terms of environmental protection and reducing
social inequalities [2].
To go to the
«green economy» is necessary in 2012-2050 invest only 2 % of world GDP in ten
key sectors: agriculture, housing and utilities, energy, fisheries, forestry,
industry, tourism, transport, disposal and recycling of waste and water
management.
The report's
authors believe that these funds may be drawn if the implementation of
deliberate government policy and the use of innovative financing mechanisms.
Additional resources may be obtained by eliminating the subsidies in the
energy, water, fisheries and agriculture. Total subsidies on production and
consumption of fossil fuels in 2008 exceeded 650 billion U.S. dollars, which
prevents wider use of renewable energy sources [2].
Governments in
many countries have found the need to consider the economic value of nature
into decision-making. By this step they pushed analytical studies conducted
with the participation of the United Nations. Foremost among those who decided
to practice the results of the project entitled «The Economics of Ecosystems
and Biodiversity» (EEB), were India and Brazil.
A greater role in
promoting the concept of «green economy» in life has made Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the members of which were
post-Soviet countries, including Kazakhstan. At the initiative of ESCAP in 2005
adopted a strategy of «green» growth, which originally included four
priorities: sustainable consumption and production; «Greening» of businesses
and markets; sustainable infrastructure and "green" tax and fiscal
reform. Were subsequent added two more destinations - investing in natural
capital and environmental performance indicators.
South Korea was
the first country to implement the concept announced «green» growth as a
national strategy. The focus of the strategy focuses on three elements:
industry, energy and investment. The strategy is aimed at preserving the scale
of productive economic activities with a minimum use of energy and other
resources; to minimize pressure on the environment of all kinds of used energy
and resources and the adoption of measures to make environmental investments
and the driving force of economic growth.
Many countries
use different tools to «green economy» in their national policies and
strategies. On the need for «green» growth are increasingly talking in
Kazakhstan, including at the highest political level. It also fears that the
use of the model of «green economy» can slow the pace of economic growth due to
increased environmental cost.
References:
1 Hermann D. and
John Kobb. Economy reorientation to people, environment and the steady
future//the Russian office of ISEE. - M.: 1994. - 323 pages.
2 Dzhulayeva A.M.
Nurseytova G. B. Partnerstvo of the state and business as basis of the economic
mechanism of formation and functioning of "green" economy//Messenger
TREASURY. Series: Ecological / Alma-Ata "Қàzàch university ³" – ¹ 2/3 (38), 2013. - Page 51 – 55