History/ 2. General History

Koldybaeva S.S., Ph.D., docent at A.Baitursynov KSU.

Zaiyrbayev E.Y., bachelor of Regional Studies, 4th year student at A.Baitursynov KSU.

DISCUSSIONS ABOUT NEW WORLD ORDER AMONG AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS

 

After the collapse of the USSR the issue of the ending of Yalta-Potsdam world order, which was based on the bipolar system of international relations, and the beginning of the new world order was lawfully raised. Most of the scientists, Russian or American, when they refer to the new world order, do not give us definition of the new order at all, or, in particular, of the new order which came after the ending of the cold war. We take the common definition offered by the Russian scientist in the field of international relations A.D.Bogaturov. Under the order, he understands the system of intergovernmental relations as adjustable set of principles of the foreign policy behavior; specific statutes and set of moral and acceptable sanctions for their violation agreed on their basis and potential of authorized countries or institutions to implement these sanctions and political will of the participating countries to use this potential[1]. In Russia, a specialist in international relations field Rogov S.M. had written before others. In 1992 he claimed that the world is coming back to its normal condition, since historical multipolar system of international relations was the typical state, standard, but bipolarity is an exception to the rule. In this the scientist claimed that according to wide spread opinion, balance of interests of each participant of world politics should replace the power confrontation. However, the history doesn’t have examples of sustainable multi-polarity that lasted for long. National interests can coincide, go parallel, go separate or crash into each other. Wars or alliance can come as results of interaction. S.M.Rogov expressed the idea that returning system to its normal state does not give us a reason for optimism, as far as it is quite difficult to keep multi-polar world in stable condition. Collapse of one of two superpowers transformed character of international relations. But it does not mean that new world order was established, it rather means that the new world disorder has appeared[2]. More comprehensive view on forming world gave us A.D.Bogaturov. According to his point of view, it is impossible to speak about the existence of second polar, equal to the USA, but there is still big avulsion of two counties- the USA and Russia- from other members of international community. He agreed with position that western scientists who thought that the end of the cold war order doesn’t mean coming back to multi-polarity. If traditional balance of power, as it was between great powers in XIX century taken into consideration. According to scientific estimate  after 1991 existing world system can be marked as “one and a half polarity”, that is  existence of two main poles and one of them (the US) is significantly outscores another. According to this conception the strongest power, in all appearance, won’t possess possibilities of direct control on going events in different part of world, although it could use great infuence[3].

 Among American scientists another theories were put forward. In particular, Zb.Brzezinski thought that the time between the dissolution of bipolar system and the period of multi-polarity will be unipolar  period- era of American hegemony and duration of this prosperous, for the US, period will depend entirely on USA and their global leadership strategy realization. Zb. Brzezinski supposed that inevitable (but not fast) approach of multi-polarity can be controlled by the United States, that might use their influence to build regional power centers and on regional power groups[4]. The idea about existence not one, but several poles or power centers was developed in works of authoritative scientist Kupchan.Ch, who offered the model of “three-polar” world.  Northern America (the leader is the USA), Europe (the leaders are Germany and France), Eastern Asia (the leaders are China and Japan). This showed model Kupchan.Ch. defined as the model of “regional unipolarity” or “soft unipolarity” which is an alternative to “aggressive unipolarity”. Kupchan.Ch. conceded that planned distribution of power between particular regional leaders with participation and under control of the USA (as it has its control by far) better, than uncontrolled distribution of power on regional level. In short, the US should start by controlling development of those countries, which potentially can make some problems for the USA in the key regions of the world. Herewith, the author of the “threepolar” world concept the notion that the countries, which will be power centers, will follow liberal policy, avoid actions directed on confrontation with other countries[5]. Each author of original world order concept of tried to describe order formation, which took place after the bipolar system.  Comprehensive description of what was in process of evolution, was really difficult to make. but both Russian and American scientists managed to trace main directions of new world order formation. However, many scientists stuck to their opinion about polarity of the world. Some scientific works were considered in foreign political strategy of Russia and the USA, but on governmental level Russia and USA remained on their positions. Russia recognized multipolar world and according to this built its foreign policy (multi-vectored). The United States acted as the world leader, the superpower and the general world power pole.

List of references

1. Bogaturov A.D. Great powers in the Pacific. History and Theory of International Relations in East Asia after World War II (1945-1995). — Ì., 1996. — Ñ. 40

2. Rogov S.M. Russia and the United States in a multipolar world / / USA - economics, politics, ideology. — 1992. — ¹ 10. — Ñ. 3-14.

3. Bogaturov A.D. Pluralistic unipolarity and interests of Russia / / Free Thought. —1996. — ¹ 2. — Ñ. 26, 30-32, 36.

4. Brzezinski Zb. The Grand Chessboard. American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperative- N.Y.,1997

5.Kupchan Ch. After Pax Americana: Benign Power, Regional Integration,

and the Sources of a Stable Multipolarity //International Security. ¹ 2 (Fall 1998). — P. 49-55