History/ 2. General History
Koldybaeva S.S., Ph.D., docent at A.Baitursynov KSU.
Zaiyrbayev E.Y., bachelor of Regional Studies, 4th year
student at A.Baitursynov KSU.
DISCUSSIONS ABOUT NEW WORLD ORDER AMONG AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS
After
the collapse of the USSR the issue of the ending of Yalta-Potsdam world order,
which was based on the bipolar system of international relations, and the
beginning of the new world order was lawfully raised. Most of the scientists, Russian or American, when they refer to the new
world order, do not give us definition of the new order at all, or, in
particular, of the new order which came after the ending of the cold war. We
take the common definition offered by the Russian scientist in the field of
international relations A.D.Bogaturov. Under the order, he understands the
system of intergovernmental relations as adjustable set of principles of the
foreign policy behavior; specific statutes and set of moral and acceptable
sanctions for their violation agreed on their basis and potential of authorized
countries or institutions to implement these sanctions and political will of
the participating countries to use this potential[1]. In Russia, a specialist
in international relations field Rogov S.M. had written before others. In 1992
he claimed that the world is coming back to its normal condition, since
historical multipolar system of international relations was the typical state,
standard, but bipolarity is an exception to the rule. In this the scientist
claimed that according to wide spread opinion, balance of interests of each
participant of world politics should replace the power confrontation. However,
the history doesn’t have examples of sustainable multi-polarity that lasted for
long. National interests can coincide, go parallel, go separate or crash into
each other. Wars or alliance can come as results of interaction. S.M.Rogov
expressed the idea that returning system to its normal state does not give us a
reason for optimism, as far as it is quite difficult to keep multi-polar world
in stable condition. Collapse of one of two superpowers transformed character
of international relations. But it does not mean that new world order was
established, it rather means that the new world disorder has appeared[2]. More
comprehensive view on forming world gave us A.D.Bogaturov. According to his
point of view, it is impossible to speak about the existence of second polar,
equal to the USA, but there is still big avulsion of two counties- the USA and
Russia- from other members of international community. He agreed with position
that western scientists who thought that the end of the cold war order doesn’t
mean coming back to multi-polarity. If traditional balance of power, as it was
between great powers in XIX century taken into consideration. According to
scientific estimate after 1991 existing
world system can be marked as “one and a half polarity”, that is existence of two main poles and one of them
(the US) is significantly outscores another. According to this conception the
strongest power, in all appearance, won’t possess possibilities of direct
control on going events in different part of world, although it could use great
infuence[3].
Among American scientists another theories
were put forward. In particular, Zb.Brzezinski thought that the time between
the dissolution of bipolar system and the period of multi-polarity will be
unipolar period- era of American
hegemony and duration of this prosperous, for the US, period will depend
entirely on USA and their global leadership strategy realization. Zb.
Brzezinski supposed that inevitable (but not fast) approach of multi-polarity
can be controlled by the United States, that might use their influence to build
regional power centers and on regional power groups[4]. The idea about
existence not one, but several poles or power centers was developed in works of
authoritative scientist Kupchan.Ch, who offered the model of “three-polar”
world. Northern America (the leader is
the USA), Europe (the leaders are Germany and France), Eastern Asia (the
leaders are China and Japan). This showed model Kupchan.Ch. defined as the
model of “regional unipolarity” or “soft unipolarity” which is an alternative
to “aggressive unipolarity”. Kupchan.Ch. conceded that planned distribution of
power between particular regional leaders with participation and under control
of the USA (as it has its control by far) better, than uncontrolled
distribution of power on regional level. In short, the US should start by
controlling development of those countries, which potentially can make some
problems for the USA in the key regions of the world. Herewith, the author of
the “threepolar” world concept the notion that the countries, which will be
power centers, will follow liberal policy, avoid actions directed on
confrontation with other countries[5]. Each author of original world order
concept of tried to describe order formation, which took place after the
bipolar system. Comprehensive
description of what was in process of evolution, was really difficult to make.
but both Russian and American scientists managed to trace main directions of
new world order formation. However, many scientists stuck to their opinion
about polarity of the world. Some scientific works were considered in foreign
political strategy of Russia and the USA, but on governmental level Russia and
USA remained on their positions. Russia recognized multipolar world and
according to this built its foreign policy (multi-vectored). The United States
acted as the world leader, the superpower and the general world power pole.
List of references
1. Bogaturov A.D. Great
powers in the Pacific. History and Theory of International Relations in East
Asia after World War II (1945-1995). — Ì., 1996. — Ñ. 40
2. Rogov S.M. Russia and
the United States in a multipolar world / / USA - economics, politics,
ideology. — 1992. — ¹ 10. — Ñ. 3-14.
3. Bogaturov
A.D. Pluralistic unipolarity and interests of Russia / / Free Thought. —1996. —
¹ 2. — Ñ. 26, 30-32, 36.
4. Brzezinski Zb. The
Grand Chessboard. American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperative- N.Y.,1997
5.Kupchan Ch. After Pax
Americana: Benign Power, Regional Integration,
and the Sources of a
Stable Multipolarity //International Security. ¹ 2 (Fall 1998). — P. 49-55