Politology / 6. Issue of interaction
of power and community (отечественный и зарубежный опыт)
Cand.Sc.(Philology) Kungurova O.G., Omarov R.B.
Kostanay
state university, Kazakhstan
Social
commission journalism.
The
investigated role of
media in
the political process of totalitarian and
transit types is an extremely complex and contradictory phenomenon. In the USSR, the journalists were
the creators of spiritual values
and orientations being
built on the bases of the
totalitarian system. It was the right context journalism, political and social commission. A mythological thinking stereotypes were introduced in it. Mass consciousness
was a
culture medium for the
propagation
of a
political and
social
myth-making, to create a person of special
mentality (proletarian) with certain rules of
behavior.
Certainly, the experience of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe has given a significant amount of empirical data, but its
existing analysis are subjected to discussion. Creating a hybrid theory and practice
of journalism, which bring the eclectic nature and formed as a result of
mechanical transfer of advantages of western
and American journalism for
post-Soviet states' media has become
a mechanical consequence of its realization. Kazakh media are no exception.
In our quest to learn and
understand the specifics of the
totalitarian features in the
periodicals of the USSR, we resorted to the well-known Kostanay philosopher, religious studies
and journalist Bondarenko Y.Y., whom part of the creative activity came in the existence of Kazakhstan in the Soviet period.
Yuri Yakovlevich, a graduate of Moscow State
University, avows that he has began journalistic work relatively late at the
end of 1970.
Several of his materials were published
in Moscow publications, but most of his articles he has written and published
already in Kazakhstan. He has written about three hundred popular-science
and about two hundred
newspapers' publications.
Bondarenko is one of people who felt influence
of totalitarianism directly. This effect was carried out by actions of censorship.
Regular "raying
" of materials of journalist by Soviet censors led Bondarenko
revealed a curious trend. Its meaning is that censorship, which
itself faced Bondarenko
was rather professional
than ideological plan.
Journalist - political scientist asserts that the scope limiting work of media
were ideologically and total control over the publications was conducted for the purpose of text editing. And it is significant that in those days was appreciated 100 percent reliability of the information that spotlight the media content of the USSR in a good light front of modernity one.
High professionalism, accuracy, even meticulousness were distinctive features of Soviet media workers -
from authors to correctors.
Here is one of the clearest
examples: after graduate Bondarenko lived in the Kazakh SSR, but had the
opportunity to be published in Moscow periodicals.
Once he was called capital
correctors about misprint
in children's
story written by him.
As a result, the author had to
sort through all his papers, and when some time later he called to Moscow,
correctors said that they themselves fix typos. And it was only
in the fact that instead of the number
35 in the text of Bondarenko turned a
shifter - 53. It would seem a trifle, which
not fundamentally change the meaning of the text, but the censors needed strict accuracy.
So laboriously, meticulously and at the same quality work was carried out at almost all levels
of Soviet journalistic activities.
However,
focusing on rich practical experience in
media Bondarenko can
give an example of censorship manic
caution. Kostanai author has written
a book titled "Atheists in
the attack," but censorship is not issued a permission for its publication.
It would seem, why? Atheism in the USSR was
welcomed, religion purposefully were
rejected by ideologues of the country.
Appeared that the Soviet censors were confused by title, contradicting the stability of advanced socialist state. What does mean attack? Where and whom
does attack the atheism? The censor thought that it
could be the cause of panic and
undesirable reaction to some readers. And it was
on censorship logic.
There is
other example. Once Yuri Yakovlevich has written a detailed article about the tragic accident that happened in the
area of kazakh Semiozerny
area of Kostanai region. One man, family
man, father of three children suddenly
has murdered his wife brutally. He was a member of a religious sect, and this fact
has been said by author in the article, and antisocial act villager Bondarenko
contacted with the influence of
sects. However, article was "braked" by censorship. It was a similar situation: a critique of the sect was welcomed, but there was would not an excess
noise, again focusing on the constructed
the image of the USSR by Soviet ideology.
As a whole, according to Bondarenko, information in mass media publications had to be critical especially in cases
where slipped at least some
"foreign influence."
Open criticism of
the manifestations
of capitalism, the bourgeoisie Western propaganda were very welcome. Up to the point of absurdity: to write about the accordion
was possible, but about an accordion was impossible.
Also Bondarenko notes that television
journalists had even harder than
publicists. Because TV is very quickly became the main ideological weapon of the Communist Party, it was a huge reach and influence. Slowly people began to watch
more and listen than read, in connection with which on TV was more rigid
and straight censorship. Someone's heads were "cuting" every now and then.
Experience and approvals of Bondarenko let to think that in
totalitarian censorship had its a totalitarian logic.
The other hand, would not consider
the modern press isolated from existence of the Soviet period, some of its
points are appeared even now. In other words, in its development the media are not without some succession even if
their ministry to a totalitarian regime
is replaced by a democratic one.