Yu.A. Klayberg
Academician of RANS, Doctor of
Psychological Sciences,
Doctor of Law, Professor
Moscow State Regional University
AGGRESSION,
VIOLENCE, DEPRIVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVIATION SOCIALIZATION OF PERSONALITY:
A THEORETICAL EXPOSITION OF THE PROBLEM
Abstract. The
article attempts to justify theoretically the possibility of putting into triad
Darwin (variability - heredity - selection) another important
socio-psychological component – deviation socialization and in this context to
consider its interaction with aggression, violence and deprivation.
Keywords:
Triada Darwin, aggression, violence, deprivation, deviation socialization of
Personality.
Darwin triad (variability -
heredity - selection), as it is known, fix three biological algorithm of
existence of living beings, which are the basis for the organization of
biological matter. However, from a psychological point of view this triad can
be supplemented by another important component that will characterize its
output to a higher level of organization of matter - psychological, and more
precisely – the socio-psychological. We are talking about the «deviation
socialization» (in the broadest sense of the word).
The term «socialization» in
most we analyzed the conceptual approaches is considered by scientists
(A.Teslenko, 2002, 2005; A.Rean, 2007; and others) as the process of entry of the individual into the world of concrete
social relations and integration in different types of social communities
through culture, values and norms which form the socially important traits of
the generation. In current approaches deviation socialization is
represented as a process of enabling the individual in the sphere of public
relations as a subject [3; 4; 5; 6;
7].
For the process of deviant socialization of today requires a new
heuristics, assuming essentially non-classical view of its interpretation.
However, there are certain difficulties. The complexity of the process of
deviant socialization is manifested not only in the difficulty of a distinction
between biological and socio-psychological determinants, but also from
individual psychological traits of personality, from its behavioral repertoire.
The environment is perceived by them selectively: some signals are ignored,
others are seen, but the end result is the behavior is determined by the
internal needs.
Moreover, we should not forget that the process of deviant socialization
is based on reflective human communication process of the mutual changes of
mental systems and social protection on the basis of continuous improvement of
the model environment and models of interaction with it. Therefore, «I not only
act in accordance with what I have, but change in accordance with the act» [13,
133].
The progress of humankind shows that the person is being prepared for
life as such, and for life and interaction in certain socio-cultural
conditions. However, as specifies Ya.Gilinskiy, «man is a biological creature
and brings produced in the process of evolution «inheritance», including
aggressiveness, which was essential in order to survive and gain a foothold on
the planet among the horned, toothy and fanged ...» [3, 15].
Aggression
and violence unique to the human
race, unlike the animal, which is peculiar only aggression [3, 9]. These
concepts are synonymous, but not identical.
The word «aggression» have
long been exists in European countries, however, until the early nineteenth
century was considered any aggressive active behavior, both friendly and
hostile.
In the process of socialization many types and forms of deviant behavior
have properties aggressiveness (or aggressive behavior). Currently under
aggression understand motivated
destructive behavior contrary to the norms of coexistence between people,
harming the objects of attack, bringing physical damage to people or causing
them psychological discomfort [5; 6; 7].
In the modern scientific literature (see: E. Alekseeva, 2004) outlined
several approaches to understanding of aggression (T. Shipunova, 2011).
Consider them in detail.
1. Aggression as a basis
explanation of the need for punishment of the offender. When the concept of
«aggression» is used in this context, it should be understood as a
manifestation of individual harm. This Evil or an inherent feature of the
person, or «sold» in the course of socialization, life's failures, or acts as a
momentary reaction to the current situation [8, 5].
In this case, no matter what the nature of this individual harm. A count
is the fact that this is the understanding of aggression makes it possible to
justify the response of society as the embodiment of social needs in
punishment.
2. Aggression as the reason of
occurrence of different forms of deviant behavior. Here the notion of
«aggression» is used as super addictive characteristic of a person, formed by a
complex of congenital and acquired properties. So, from the point of view of
the psychoanalytic theory Z.Freud). Representatives
new behaviorism believe aggression result of frustrations endured by the person
in the process of «social learning» John Dollard, N.Miller, A.Bandura,
L.Berkovits). Interactionist represent aggression as a consequence of the
objective of «conflict of interests», «the incompatibility of goals»
individuals and social groups (D.Kembell, M.Sherif). In the framework of
cognitivists aggression appears as a result of the «dissonance» and
«discrepancies» in the cognitive sphere of the subject (L.Festinger,
G.Teshfel). With biological positions aggression acts as a purely instinctive
behavior inherent to all animals, including man (K.Lorentz) [1].
3. Aggression as attack, seizure,
accompanied by violent acts by [10, 21]. Aggression can be direct (e.g.,
assault, capture of the territory, political or economic subordination) and
indirect (for the promotion of subversive activities against other States; the
adoption of measures of economic pressure, violate the sovereignty of another
state; promotion of propaganda to a certain ideology and etc.).
Notable in this discourse is that aggression is not identified, but
combined with the concept of «violence». This is particularly important because
sometimes in modern literature, these concepts are treated as synonyms, which,
in our opinion, is methodologically and semantically incorrect.
4. Aggression as destructive
behavior aimed at self-destruction and self-destruction, - auto-aggression
[9, 57-59]. This type of aggression is the result of unremitting passions and
desires (Erich Fromm). Under the pressure (of passions, love and passion, lust
for power, fame or revenge) people are able to impose on the other hand, if you
cannot reach the object of his passion. A mind (or madness?) individual pushes
him to the destruction of its own envelope. Another manifestation of
auto-aggression act less radical, but no less destructive forms of behavior,
such as alcoholism, drug addiction, classes adventure sports etc.
Erich Fromm defines aggression rather widely - as damage not only to the
person or animal, but also to any arbitrary object. He believes that there are
two kinds of aggression: benign and malignant. The first appears in a moment
of danger and is defensive in nature, serves as a vital interests of the
society, provides individual, group and society at large to the survival and
security, and as soon as the danger finally fades away and this form of
aggression. It is an innate ability to respond to external risk by either attack
or escape. Defensive aggression is common to man and animals, it is given to
them by nature. Malignant no aggression in animals and is only peculiar to man.
Of great interest are the studies of the phenomenon of aggression
supporters behavioral approach and, in particular, developed in the framework
of this direction the theory of «frustration - aggression» (John Dollard),
where frustration is interpreted as a direct cause of aggressive attacks on the
source of frustration, and more often on the objects, to its emergence
innocent. Thus, one of the groups of determinants of aggressive behavior,
comprise situational determinants - specific social situations arising in the
process of interpersonal communication.
Another theory linking aggression with the phenomenon of frustration -
the theory of the formation of new cognitive relations Leonard Berkowits. On
Berkowitz, frustration only produces a tendency to aggression, however, the
main instigator of aggressive tendencies is a negative effect, stimulating desire
to fight or to flee.
Frustration is defined as the mental state caused by failure in meeting
needs and is accompanied by various negative feelings of disappointment,
resentment, anxiety, despair, and other
[5; 6; 7; 11]. Frustration first concerns the need revived in the moment
and already directed to the goal, and second, characterized by an awareness of
the subject of the inability to meet. Deprivation
same may partially or even completely understood. Its negative effects can be
associated with a variety of reasons. So, the person may not be connected, for
example, arose a depression with a deficit of sensory stimuli.
Attracts the attention of the classification of types of violence,
developed S.Zhizhek (S.Ẑiẑek, 2010). He distinguishes: subjective
violence (these are the manifestations of social violence, which «lie on the
surface», which are easily visible and recognized by most people - murders,
terrorist acts, war, etc.); «symbolic violence (this linguistic and verbal
violence - insults, threats, blackmailing etc.); system (objective) violence»
(the most hidden (anonymous) and therefore dangerous for society) - «it's often
disastrous consequences quiet work of economic and political systems» [3,
26-27].
All of these approaches reveal some specific characteristics of the
different manifestations of aggression help distinguishing aggression types:
against the person or his» society; against another society (state); against
himself. The unifying point of all these approaches is that every time the aggression
is defined through its action on an object.
The concept of deprivation
close to the concept of frustration and aggression. With deprivation faced
almost all people: children and adults. This phenomenon is very common,
especially in the context of contemporary society. Depression, neurosis,
somatic diseases, overweight... Often the roots of these problems are caused by
the lack of bright colors in a person's life, lack of emotional communication,
information, etc. But they are not identical. Compared with frustration
deprivation significantly more severe, painful, and sometimes personally
devastating condition, characterized qualitatively higher level of rigidity and
stability compared to frustration reaction.
In contrast to the frustration, deprivation is more hidden, but often
has more serious consequences.
The word «deprivation» means
loss, loss. In English literature the notion of «deprivation» (deprivation, or
privation) denotes the loss of something, hardship owing to a lack of
satisfaction of any important needs of [5; 6].
Deprivations are usually distinguished depending on what the need is not
satisfied.
Y. Langmeir & Z. Matejtchek analyses four types of mental
deprivation [2].
1. (touch) deprivation:
reduced sensory stimuli or their limited variability and modality.
2. Deprivation of values
(cognitive): too fickle, chaotic structure of the external world without a
clear ordering and meaning, which make it impossible to understand, anticipate
and adjust the action outside.
3. Deprivation emotional relationships
(emotional): lack of possibility to establish an intimate emotional
relationship to any person or rupture of a similar emotional connection if it
has been created.
4. Deprivation of identity
(social): limited capacity for absorption of Autonomous social role.
Most authors also stop mainly on these types of deprivation and
determine their contents about the same.
Socio-psychological deprivation in the scientific literature is
interpreted broadly. With her face and children living or studying in closed
institutions, and adults who for one reason or another are isolated from
society, or have limited contact with other people (for example, elderly people
after retirement) and others In the life of different types of deprivation
difficult intertwined. Some of them can be combined, one may be a consequence
of other etc.
In addition to the above, there are other types of deprivation. For
example, with physical deprivation, a person faces when there are limitations
in movement (due to injury, disease, or in other cases).
In modern psychology and related Sciences and Humanities highlight some
types of deprivation, with a General nature or related to specific aspects of
human existence in society: educational, economic, ethical deprivation and
other.
In addition to the species, there are different forms of deprivation,
which may be in the form of overt or hidden.
Explicit deprivation
remains the obvious: being a person in conditions of social isolation, long
periods of loneliness, education of the child in the orphanage, etc. Is the
apparent deviation from the norm (in the cultural sense).
Hidden deprivation
(partial, J. Boulbi; masked, G. Harlou) is not so obvious. It occurs when the
seemingly favorable conditions, which, however, do not allow meeting the significant
requirements. So, J. Boulbi writes that the partial deprivation can be observed
where there is a direct separation of mother to child, but their relationship
for any reason are not adequate for the child [4].
Hidden deprivation at this time is of special interest to researchers.
Its source can be in the family, school, different social institutions, and
society as a whole.
Thus, I draw the reader's attention to two important notes:
1. Behavior is aggressive if there are two prerequisites: 1) either when
the disastrous for the object exposure consequences, 2) or when violated norms
of behavior.
2. In General, almost all researchers share the position that the
determination of aggressive behavior and violence are due to the interaction
with the objective (social) and subjective (personal, including
frustrations and derivational) factors:
first create the potential for conflict, the second to the peculiarities of its
implementation. It is very important that some personality traits may act at
different stages of development of the situation and to contribute to the
manifestation of aggression, violence and deprivation, and as repressive of
their structure.
Literature
1.
Berkowits L. Aggression: causes, consequences and control. - M., 2001;
2.
Education of a difficult child: Children with deviant behavior / Ed.
M.I.Rozkov. - M, 2001.
3.
Gilinskiy Ya.I. I Social violence. Monograph. - SPb, 2013.
4.
Zmanovskaya E.V. Bases of applied psychoanalysis. - SPb, 2005.
5.
Klayberg Yu.A. Deviantology: Dictionary. - M, 2014.
6.
Klayberg Y.A. Fundamentals of Psychology of deviant behavior. Monograph. - SPb,
2014.
7.
Klayberg Y.A. Deviantology: diagrams, tables, comments. The tutorial. - M.,
2013.
8.
Criminology Lexicon. Heidelberg: Criminalistics Verilog, 1991.
9.
Rumyantseva G. Aggression and auto-aggression // Violence in the modern world,
Ed. Gilinskiy Ya.I. - SPb, 1997.
10.
Dictionary of foreign words / Ed. I.V.Luchina, S.M.Lokshina, F.N.Petrova (Ed.)
and L.S.Shaumian. - 6th ed., Rev. and supplementary. - M., 1964.
11.
Tomada G. Schneider Under controlled and controlled in assaultive adolescents
// Dev. Psychol. - 1997. - Vol. 33, ¹ 4. - P. 601 to 609; Boivin M., Vitaro F.,
Poulin F. Peer relationships and development of aggressive behavior in early
childhood // R.E.Tremblay W.W. Hart up, J.Archer / eds. Developmental Origins
of Aggression. – N.Y.: Guilford Press, 2005. - P.376-397.
12.
Furmanov I.A. Aggression and violence: diagnostics, prevention and correction.
- SPb, 2007.
13.
Frankl V. Century Man's search for meaning. - M., 1990.