Физическая культура и спорт/1

Физическая культура и спорт/1.Физическая культура и спорт: проблемы, исследования, предложения

Candidate of pedagogical sciences, associate professor, Merited Coach of the Republic of Kazakhstan Zhunusbekov Zh.I.

Doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, Merited Coach of the Republic of Kirgizstan-Anarkulov-H.F.
Coach, Master of Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan, D.Zh. Zhunusbekov

National Research and Practical Centre of Physical Culture Ministry of Science and Education of Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTIMIZATION OF LONG-TERM TRAINING SYSTEM OF TAEKWONDO ATHLETS

Abstract: In the process of researches there were revealed the most significant sensitive periods in the development of speed-power abilities of taekwondo athlets at the age 8-20 years. A model of the stages of sports training of taekwondo athlets had been developed in the system of long-term psychophysical and spiritual perfection.

Keywords: Taekwondo, pumse, stages of long-term sports training of taekwondo athlets, value orientation, health-caring technology.

I. Relevance of the work. At present time it became obvious that those methodological principles which have been successfully used by the coaches and athletes of martial arts of previous generations, no longer meet the nowadays requirements. There has been increased the reliability and stability requirements of the technical and tactical skills, increased an intensity and amount of training exertions, increased a competition on-the-world-stage. The level of modern sport has reached such a stage of development when the fundamental growth factors of sport results are the newest technologies and modern scientific investigations[1].

The main scientific-methodological and educational literature on the theme of Olympic Taekwondo (WTF) (hereinafter-Taekwondo) is devoted to the basic technique of the movement and in a greater degree to the study of complex exercises - pumse K. Gil and Kim Chur Hwan [1991], Kim Se Hетт [1993], Lee Ce Bon [2000], Son In Dok [2002]. The study efforts on maneuvering Y.B. Kalashnikov [1998], O.G. Epova [2000], the technique of strikes Choi Seung Mo and E.Glebova [2002] were devoted to the research of the issues regarding a conduct of a sparring session. Taekwondo specialists are not paying enough attention to the research of the competitive practices yet. There are no clear proven systems of long-term trainings of phased improvement of skills of taekwondo athlets, there is no reliable data on the impact of these training sessions on the organism of an athlete. Each coach has its own view on the training of an athlete, sometimes to the detriment of their health [2]. The development of Taekwondo (WTF), as a young Olympic sport, requires to a greater degree professional and scientific approach towards the training [I.A. Surenkov, 2000 and others].

Taekwondo is a strike type of contact martial arts, and differs from the other styles with the more stringent conduct of the combat, passing in extremely high pace. This imposes extremely high requirements for psychophysical, technical, tactical and functional fitness of sportsmen [O.E. Tsoi, 1996; A. Botkin, 1998; L.R. Kudashova, 1998; H.F. Anarkulov, 1995; A.A. Demezhanov, 1999; V.M. Igumenov, 2000; S.V. Pavlov, 2003; V.I.Lyakh, A.V.Vishnyakov, 2007 and others].esearch [1]. At the same time, it should be noted that in Taekwondo there is a contradiction between the Taekwondo practice section availability for children, teenagers and adolescents of different genders, on the one hand, and the lack of scientific and methodological support of such activities, on the other.

The analysis of scientific and methodical literature revealed that neither in our country nor abroad were conducted fundamental scientific researches aiming to solve the key questions in the system of the long-term sport preparation of taekwondo athletes [А.А. Dolin, G.V. Popov, 1990; S.G. Mahmetov, P.F. Matushak, 1991; Kyu Sеоk LEE, 1996; G.D. Ivanov, 1997; R.A. Piloyan., A.D. Suhanov, 1999; Kulnazarov A.K., 2001; A. M. Gorbylyov, 2002, Sang H. Kim, 2003; S.V. Stepanov, 2004; Y.A. Shulika, 2007; and others]. We should note another contradiction which was revealed clearly in the recent years of the development of Taekwondo. The coaches mainly pay attention to the force and technical component, neglecting spiritual-moral part of this combat. [N.G. Mihalchenkova, 2007; G. Bennet, 2007 and others]. The particular actuality of this problem is directly related to issues of preparation of sports reserve [V.P. Filin, N.A. Fomin, 1980; V.N. Platonov, 1986; A.K. Kulnazarov, 2001; K.K. Zakiryanov, 2006 and others]. This, in turn, implies the necessity in realization of fundamental researches using systemic and structural analysis of training and competition activities in the process of long-term training of taekwondo athlets, starting from the childhood [3, 4].

II. Formulation of the tasks

Work objective - to prove the concept of the long-term Taekwondo sports training of sportsmen in the age of 8-20 years with primary development of speed-and-power-abilities.
The object of research - a multi-year process of psycho-physical and spiritual-preparation-of-athletes-in-martial-arts. The subject of research - a methodology for long-term sport preparation of Taekwondo sportsmen at the age of 8-20 years and the technology of forming of the valued orientations for the preservation of the health of the athlets in the process of trainings.such a stage.

The main tasks of the research: To identify the sensitive periods in the development of speed-power abilities, multifunctional and psycho-physiological capabilities of young taekwondo athlets. On this basis: 1) To develop and justify a methodology, model of stages and contents of the system of long-term physical and spiritual preparation of taekwondo sportsmen on the basis of health-saving technologies, and effective technical and tactical actions. 2) To disclose the factor structure of speed-power fitness of taekwondo athlets of different ages and qualifications.

Research methods. Analysis of scientific-methodical literature; pedagogical observation; questionnaire; pedagogical experiment; testing; methods of mathematical statistics.main scientific and methodical and educational literature on the Olympic taekwondo min (WTF).

The theoretic-methodological basis of the research are scientific works on fundamental treatise in the field of theory and methodology of sports training [N.G.Ozolin, A.A. Novikov, V.V. Kuznetsov, V. P. Filin, L. P. Matveev and others]; on the theory of management of the training process in sport [Y.V. Verhoshansky, L. P. Matveev, V. N. Platonov and others]; on the main provisions of systematic approach [M.S. Kogan, Y.A. Konarzhevsky, M. Mesarovich, V. I. Sagotovsky, G. N. Serikov, and others]; on conceptual problems of psychological and pedagogical science and value orientations of the person [L. M. Arkhangelsky, A. G. Zagvyazinskiy, V. A. Krasin, A.V. Petrovskiy, V. I. Slobodchikov and others]. For the formation of the methodological framework of the research it was very important for us the treatises about the essence of human nature, his needs and motivations in the spheres of health care, interaction with the social environment in the process of sports activity and in circumstances of everyday life [S. L. Rubinstein. V.K. Balsevich, L.S. Dvorkin, L. I. Lubysheva, N. A. Fomin, and others]; about forecasting and modeling [ V.V. Kuznetsov, A. Novikov, B. N. Shustin, V. I. Shaposhnikova and others]; about the control of sports preparedness and competitive activity [V. M. Zatsiorskiy, M. A. Godik, A. Zaporozhanov, Y. I. Smirnov, A.S. Ivanov and others]; about pedagogy, medicine, physiology, morphology, psychology [V. S. Farfel, D. V. Kolosov, R. E. Motylyanskaya, I. A. Arshavskiy, A. A. Markosyan, E. G. Martirosov, A. V. Rodionov, I.F. Andrushishin, V.V. Medvedev and others].

III. Results of research and their discussion. In the course of the research:
1. There was developed and justified the model of the long-term psychophysical and spiritual training in Tae Kwon Do, which includes the following phases (table 1):

1) Initial sport and spiritual preparation, which includes 3 stages: a) a preliminary physical and moral ethical preparation; b) basic sports and moral ethical preparation; c) sports and moral strong-will preparation; 2) Sports perfection and moral strong-will training; 3) Achievement of the highest results and strong-will training; 4) Masterful preparation and perfection of the psychical capacities.

2. There were identified the following sensitive periods in the development of speed-power-abilities-of-taekwondo-sportsmen:
- (boys-taekwondo athlets) absolute speed of movement – at the age of 16-18 years, the absolute muscle strength at the age of 13-15 and 16-18 years, maximum breaking force - 16-18 years, starting muscle strength – at the age of 13-15 years, accelerating muscle strength - 16-18 years, the time to reach efforts’ maximum at the age of 16-18 years, maximum speed of movement – at the age of 10-12 years, the power of performance – at the age of 16-18 years, speed of movement – at the age of 13-15 years;
- (girls- taekwondo athlets) absolute speed of movement – at the age of 13-15 years, the absolute muscle strength – at the age of 16-18 years, maximum breaking force and starting muscle strenth – at the age of 13-15 years, accelerating muscle strength- at the age of 10-12 years, the time to reach efforts’ maximum at the age of 16-18 years, the maximum speed of movement – at the age of 10-12 years, the power of performance – at the age of 16-18 years, the speed of movement – at the age of 13-15 years;
3. The revealed patterns of long-term speed-power training of taekwondo athlets (its leading factors and structures) allow to determine a priority orientation of the training process at each stage of long-term preparation, to choose purposefully the means and methods of training, to plan the training and competition exertions, taking into account the age and qualification features.

Table 1 - Model of the stages and content of long-term training of taekwondo athlets

Content of the stages	First stage - initial sport and spiritual preparation									Selection	Second stage – sports perfection and moral ethical training		Third stage – achievement of the highest results and strong-will training			Selection		Forth stage – masterful preparation and perfection of psychical capacities.
	1st phase- a preliminary physical and moral ethical preparation			Initial selection		2-nd phase -basic sports and moral ethical preparation	3-rd phase – sports and moral strong-will preparation
	Period of sport training, ages
	0,5	1	2		2,5		3	3,5	4			4,5		5	5.5		6		6.5
The age,-years The duration of the lesson,-minutes The quantity of training lessons per week, times The quantity of hours in the monthly cycle, hour The quantity of hours in the annual cycle, hour Ratio of means Overall Physical Condition / Special Physical Condition, % Sport qualification, gyp	8-9	9-10	10-11		11-12		12-13	13-14	14-15			15-16		16-17	17-18		18-19		19-20
	40-60	60-70	60-70		70-80		75-90	80-90	90-100			100-120		120-130	120-130		130-140		140-150
	3	3	3-4		3-4		3-4	3-4	4			4		4-5	4-5		5		5-6
	8-12	12-14	16-18		18-21		20-24	21-24	24-27			27-32		32-43	32-43		43-47		56-60
	96-144	144-168	192-216		216-252		240-288	252-288	288-324			324-384		384-516	384-516		516-564		672-720
	80/20	70/30	60/40		60/40		50/50	50/50	40/60			40/60		30/70	30/70		25/75		25/75
	-	10	9		8		7	6	5			4		3	2		1		1