Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå íàóêè/ 15.Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ðåãóëèðîâàíèå
ýêîíîìèêè
Rachimbaeva D.J., nmster of group GMU-11NP
Karaganda economic university, Kazakhstan
STATE-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS BASIC MECHANISM OF
INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMY
One
of priority tasks within the framework of realization of the Government program
on force is providing of effective cooperation of the state and business bath
industrially-innovative development of Republic of Kazakhstan in development of
priority sectors of economy in 2010-2014 [1]. The role of the state must
consist in forming of the system of institutes, instruments and mechanisms for
supporting priority sectors of economy and effective co-operating with
business.
Creation
of innovations, their project embodiment and production, require the
concentration of large number of resources on an enterprise, that often is not
in strength to the small firms. It has an effective innovative politics that is
based on equal in rights state-private partnership and sent to combining effort
of the state and private business on development of innovative activity comes
forward one of terms of economic development.
State-private
partnership comes forward to one of basic organizationally economic mechanisms
of activation of innovative activity in a country, bringing in of long-term
investments. Presently in Kazakhstan propulsion MODULE is created the
"Kazakhstan center of state-private partnership".
Under
state-private partnership usually understand totality of forms of environments
of íå- and long-term cooperation of the state and business for a decision
publicly of meaningful tasks on the mutually beneficial terms [2]. The choice
of certain variant of partnership depends on economic efficiency of realization
of one or another project.
This
instrument of activation of innovative activity is actively used by the
developed countries and in practice proved the efficiency. An analysis is 48
projects, realized on the charts of by state-private partnership conducted by
the European economic commission of the UNO, showed that 80 % such projects had
been realized the below supposed budget and 60 % projects were completed
before, than it was pre-arranged, at the improvement of service and reduction
of paying for the use. On the other hand, 64 % projects executed by public
organs, it was completed the later pre-arranged term [3].
State-private
partnership is a difficult enough process, requiring involving of a number of
participants, each of that plays an important role a management ðèñêàìè of project. The rule of the project is financed through the mechanism
of state-private partnership, and their basic mutual relations with a project
company, are presented. The list of participants can change depending on the
specific of project.
The
customer of products is obligated to buy products (services) that will be
produced within the framework of project with the purpose of exception of
market risks for a project company and credit organizations. The role of
suppliers consists in supplying with raw material and materials for realization
of project. The project company is protected from a risk that a project will
not provide the pre-arranged production volumes in connection with the shortage
of raw material, materials or fuel.
Risk
on exploitation and technical maintenance of project is carried by an operator.
Responsibility of operator arises up from the moment of completion of the
building stage to the end of project period. An operator manages supplying with
raw material and materials, testing monitoring, effective exploitation of
object [4].
The
basic idea of state-private partnership consists in a grant to private business
of possibility to render services on the base of the infrastructure created by
the state. Also private business can engage in creation of infrastructure
independently, with the calculation of grant of the services to the state in
the future. During realization of the ratified projects ðèñêè related to the project is distributed between the state and private
business. As a rule, economic and financial ðèñêè is assumed by
private business, and political and legal ðèñêè is the state or
private insurance companies [5]. On a picture 2 it is shown, as a degree of
actual participation of private business rises (or, opposite, falls down) in
joint state-private projects depending on the select form of partnership [6].
Subzero
and high degree of participation are simple contract relationships (contracts
on works and services) with complete maintenance by every partner all property
competence, from one side, and complete privatizing, transmission forever of
ownership rights from the state to the sole proprietor, - with other. Between
extreme degrees the great number of possible variants and forms of
state-private partner relations, being based on a different degree feather
concessions one or another the competence of owner from the state to the sole
proprietor on a term and on the terms envisaged by a corresponding partner
agreement, is located.
Chart (Build, Operate, Transfer) Rights and responsibility of concessionaire
Building of object for the account
and on the risk, exploitation, transmission of object to the state
BTO
(Build, Transfer, Operate) Building of object, transmission in
property to the state, exploitation of object
BOOT
(Build, Own, Operate, Transfer) Building of object, use and possession
during a term, transmission to the state
BOMT
(Build, Operate, Maintain, Transfer) Building, exploitation of object, service
(permanent repair), transmission
DBOOT
(Design, Build, Own, Operate,
Transfer) Planning of object,
building, possession, management, transmission to the state
BBO
(Buy, Build, Operate) Purchase, building (renewal or expansion
of existent object), management
Large
popularity in was the world got by the mechanism of BOOT, within the framework
of that the state compensates investment expenses and beret on itself direct îáåñïå÷èòåëüíûå obligations. Presently distribution is got by the mechanisms of
concession, when grantor can assume separate ðèñêè,
including to guarantee the level of profitableness, or to produce payments
depending on operating readiness and/or another compensative payments.
State-private
partnership is based on the use of leasings and concession mechanisms,
financing with bringing in of private investments of the social programs and
investment projects, having a strategic value [7]. Forms of state support of
enterprises within the framework state-private partnership is subdivided into
lines and indirect. To the lines take financing of scientific researches, new
engineering developments. The indirect plug in itself tax, credit and another
privileges, creation of technical standards and regulations.
It
is possible to distinguish the basic stages of forming of state-private
partnership:
-
advancement of initiative the state;
-
suggestions of private business on realization of state initiative;
-
realization of negotiations between the state and private business on a project
state-private partnership;
-
fixing of the attained agreements in official records between the participants
of partnership;
-
monitoring of execution by parties of the assumed obligations within the framework
of the attained agreements;
-
on the basis of data of the conducted monitoring the analysis of the got
results is conducted;
-
on results an analysis suggestions dart out on perfection models of
state-private partnership, that realized in subsequent projects.
From
the declared projects the state is take away those technologies and products it
is interested in that only. As a rule, by them are meaningful for the state
projects allowing to work out one or another socio-economic problems. After the
selection of project the state is finance a scientific constituent and the
circle of performers is determined. Thus from the side of business there is
financing of all other expenses related to the project, basis gets ready for
commercialization of idea. Thus, as a result of such partnership there is not
only realization of meaningful project but also engaging in the process of
Scientific research and experimental development of scientific collectives,
academic institutes.
From
the moment of finding of independence state-private partnership develops in
Kazakhstan. By the new stage in development of state-private partnership
development of concession mechanisms became in Kazakhstan. In July, 7 2006 passed an act Republic of Kazakhstan
"About concessions", that pawned system basis of introduction of
institute of concession in Kazakhstan. In 2008 the changes in a concession
legislation, sent to the improvement of legislative and institutional base on
the basis of international advanced experience, were brought in. On the whole
made alteration in a concession legislation in 2008 allowed to extend the
purviews of concession charts and provide more flexible mechanisms for bringing
in of private sector of economy.
Presently
in Kazakhstan a few concession projects will be realized:
- a railway line is the "Station of Shar-Uskaman";
- line of electricity transmissions
"North Kazakhstan is the Aktiubinskaja area",
-
an international airport is in Aktau [8].
In
the list of the objects offered to the transmission in a concession, there are
such, as building and exploitation of areas "Almaty-Kapshagai",
"Astana-Karaganda", "Tashkent-Shymkent", introduction of an
intellectually-transport and pay system and exploitation of area "Astana -
Shuchinsk". On the stage of preparation there are projects on building and
reconstruction of motorway "Almaty-Horgos", and also the Large
Almatinskoi circular motorway.
Education,
health protection, come forward in foreign practice the purviews of mechanism
of state-private partnership, as a rule, utilization of wastes and (table. 2).
Table 2
Purviews of Ã×Ï are in different countries
Countries Purviews of state-private partnership
THE USA Transport infrastructure, wastes/are effluents, municipal
building, building services, education, health protection, municipal economy
Germany Education, sport, attendance centres, health protection,
logistic centers
Poland Transport infrastructure, health protection, lease of
accommodation, utilization of wastes, electro energy, public transport
France Administrative infrastructure, health protection, attendance
centre's, transport infrastructure, education, sport
Great Britain Airports, building of accommodation, transport
infrastructure, health protection, utilization of wastes, attendance centres,
education, sport
Kazakhstan Transport infrastructure
In
Kazakhstan presently most projects will be realized in the field of building of
a transport infrastructure. Bringing in of private sector is planned to
financing of projects in the field of building of social objects. So, in the
Karaganda area, building is assumed 15 kindergartens into 320 places each. Work
is also begun on creation of projects in the field of social building in the
East-Kazakstan area.
Education
and health protection come forward in the structure of projects of
state-private partnership of the developed countries the basic spheres of
partnership. On a picture 3 the structure of projects the USA, Japan, Germany,
France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada is presented [9].
In
the chart of state-private partnership a large role is taken to the
businessman. Exactly he must be interested in development and introduction of
innovations on the enterprise. Innovative activity of domestic enterprises
while yet remains at low level. The state must accept the system of measures
for the increase of motivation of private business, involving of him in an
innovative process. It is necessary to accept measures on stimulation of inflow
of private investments, creation of tax deductions both for investors,
financing Scientific research and experimental development and for companies
inculcating home technologies; legislatively to fasten the system of tax
deductions for customers-investors. Presently in a country certain tax
deductions are created for scientific organizations. But it is today important
to stimulate not only suggestion of research services but also demand on them
from the side of private sector. Today practically there are not tax incentives
for the increase of demand on science - those privileges, that was declared in
the Internal revenue code, do not work for lack of mechanism of tax
administration [10].
Present
in the Internal revenue code privileges suppose indemnification only on a
corporate tax in size of 7,5 % from expenses on Scientific research and
experimental development and actually
does not work for lack of clear procedures of tax administration. Effective practice
of tax stimulation is created in foreign countries. For example, the take-outs
of expenses on research-and-developments from a taxable accuses make in the USA
16 %, in Canada, in Singapore this index can arrive at 100 %[10].
In
Kazakhstan according to statistics, financing of science a private sector does
not exceed 10 %. scientific and technical programs Financed by the state with
large difficulties find application in practice. For comparison: in the
developed countries over 60 % scientific developments are financed by private
companies.
In
an innovative sphere purposeful realization of measures must become major
direction of state-private partnership on engaging in the innovative process of
academic universities and business in formulation of priorities of the state
financing of fundamental and applied researches.
Strengthening
of potential in area of state-private partnership, as a rule, includes training
of personnels and other measures, extending possibilities of governments to
realize the already worked out and working program state-private partnership by
an effective and clear method. A mechanism of state-private partnership is new
enough conception for Kazakhstan, the number of working projects is while
insignificant. Basic projects will be realized in the field of building of a
transport infrastructure, projects are absent in the spheres of health
protection and education - purviews of state-private partnership most developed
in foreign countries.
For
realization of priorities of innovative development the scale engaging of the
real business is needed in development of priority industries. Model is
experience of Poland, where in on standing time innovative projects are
accepted to realization in the field of electro energy (proceeded in energy
sources), and also utilization of wastes. The role of the state consists of
that, to balance business interests with national priorities, and short-term
tactical priorities - with strategic long-term prospects. Development of
innovative projects within the framework state-private partnership is
impossible without engaging in this process of science. Development of science
within the framework of mechanisms of state and private partnership can be
extended due to next directions:
à) realization of joint research
innovative projects, organization of joint scientific editions, and also
participating in competitions on the receipt of republican and international
under backs;
b) realization of training for managers,
creation of centers of front-rank researches, joint proof-of-concept centers;
c) activation of intercommunications with
business, participating in the processes of commercialization of new ideas and
technologies, applying of technologies in industry.
As
a result transformation of science sector must be attained in the effective
constituent of the national innovative system of country. And providing of
concentration of resources (including resources of private investors) must
become the basic task of scientific and technical politics of the state on
priority directions of innovative development.
Presently
Kazakhstan is accumulate enormous, small used while potential of state-private
partnership in a number of capital-intensive industries of economy, in a
regional economy, in the field of small and midsize businesses. At the decision
of row of important tasks of innovative and economic development of country the
variety of conceptual approaches, forms, methods and certain mechanisms of
state-private partnership, existing in world practice, can be used. Development
of effective institutes of cooperation of the state, business, scientific and
research organizations, higher educational establishments is one of major terms
of forming of effective economic politics, increase of investment-innovative
activity, development of economic and social infrastructure, providing of
breach in íàóêîåìêèõ industries of economy.
List
of literature
1.
Government program on a force industrially-innovative development Republic of
Kazakhstan on 2010-2014 from March, 19, 2010 ¹ 958. Astana, 2010.
2.
Eroshevich Å. State-private partnership in a scientific and technical sphere //
Science and innovations. - Ì., 2009. - ¹ 12. - P. 51-55.
3.
Larin S.N. State-private partnership: foreign experience and Russian realities
// State-private partnership in the innovative systems / Under S.N.Silvestrova.
- Ì.: publishing house LKI, 2008. - 312 p.
4.
Delmon D. State-private partnership in an infrastructure. it is Astana: World
bank publication, 2010. - 261 p.
5.
Paison D.B. State-private partnership as there is an institute of development
in area of space activity: foreign experience and Russian plans // Questions of
state and municipal administration. - 2009. - ¹ 3. - P. 17-34.
6.
Deriyabina Ì.À. Theoretical and practical problems of state-private partnership'.
Lecture of Center to the theory of economic transformation of IE of WOUNDS.
Access mode: inecon.ru/ru/index.php? go=Content&id=29.
7.
Spiridenkov B.A. State-private partnership as method of perfection of
management by development of regional of the innovative-investment system //
Vestn. Tambov un-ta. Ser. Gumanit. sciences. - 2007. - ¹ 8. - P. 94-98.
8.
Kusainov Ì.À. SPP in Kazakhstan: the state, problems, prospects. Access mode:
zakon.kz/191243 - gchp - v - kazakhstane - sostojanie - problemy.html
9.
Rozhkova S. Analysis of world experience of the use of state-private
partnership in different industries economies // Market of equities. - Ì., 2008. - ¹ 1 (352).
10.
Zholdasbaev S. is Innovative industrialization. Access mode: nif.kz/1904?
page=25.6