Alzhanova N. W
Candidate of Physics and Math sciences, Professor,
al-Farabi KazNU
Aitbayev A.
Student, Department of Economics
al-Farabi KazNU
Analysis
of the problem of employment and labor incomes in the Republic of Kazakhstan
The problem of life quality is a priority to solve socio - economic
problems of any country level. Analysis of problems of quality of life suggests
that the notion of "quality of life" is a complex derived from
historical, geographical, economic, social and other factors that determine a
person's position in society.
In the practical application of the concept of
quality of life it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts
"quality of life", "lifestyle", "conditions" and
"standard of living". Quality of life shows the impact of lifestyle
of people. The level and conditions of life are the structural components of
quality of life. On the quality of life of the population affects public
policy, regulation of economic processes.
Important role in the life of States playing a human
resources. Employment, unemployment and labour income have always been in the
limelight of the economic policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. They become
particularly relevant at the present stage of development of the global economy.
The state with the tools of macroeconomic
management should create all the citizens of the favorable conditions in the
sale of their labor power, to promote the occupational mobility of the labor
force, the formation of its high competitiveness, and minimize socio-economic
costs of unemployment. These tasks cannot be undertaken in isolation from the
structural and investment policy, social programs, income policies.
State regulation in the sphere of employment can
actively affect the socio-economic transformation in the country because of the
rise in unemployment may be one of the most significant factors of stagnation
of economic development and social instability in society. The stimulation of
employment must occur primarily due to the expansion of production, creation of
new industries, the most profitable in the conditions of Kazakhstan.
In The
Message Of President N. A. Nazarbayev to people of Kazakhstan from January 27,
2012 "Socio-economic modernization as main vector of development of
Kazakhstan" for the first time, it was stressed that the country has
launched the new stage of Kazakhstan's way for the next decade, associated with
the new challenges of strengthening the economy and improving the welfare of
the people. In the Message were identified tasks in ten directions, among which
the first was the employment of the population. The Message also noted that
"the country is a large-scale implementation of the employment Program
2020, aims to increase the incomes of the population by providing sustainable and
productive employment" [1].
Global transformations in the sphere of labor and
social-labor relations is the trend on a global scale. In the Soviet times was
precarious employment. The problem of instability appeared with the beginning
of capitalist transformations in Kazakhstan. The formation of capitalist
relations was associated with a sharp economic downturn, as a result of
privatization has been enriched with a narrow layer of private owners, and
impoverished the majority of the population. All this has led to hyper reactive
employment and significant social stratification.
Since 2000, the favorable situation on the world
oil market caused rapid economic growth and improving living standards in all
sectors of the population. However, economic inequality looks hard enough.
Currently economically active population of Kazakhstan is constantly growing
and its population has reached almost 9 million people with a population of 17
million. Practically most of the country's GDP, create 350 thousand people who
work in the oil and gas and mining industry. However, as the years of
independence of Kazakhstan in industry and agriculture have been significant
job losses, according to statistics approximately 2596,0 thousand people are
self-employed and the number of officially registered unemployed has 400-500
thousand people. Such distribution of population by industry leads to
inequitable distribution of wages and incomes . According to statistics on
salaries, wages up to $ 300 gain of 23.3% and a salary of up to $ 700 get 70,2%,
salary up to 1000 dollars get to 85.5% of workers [3].
Thus, on the one hand, the employment rate in
Kazakhstan high - 94,8% (2014, January), but this situation is connected with
the employment, which is 2596,0 thousand people, i.e. to 30.3% of the working
population. For comparison: the share of self-employed in 2013 in Russia was
6.0%, EU - 11,4%, USA 7%. Partly the difference is explained by the different
definition of the standard of living and self-employment.
The data for 2009-2013, grouped by types of
economic activity cannot be assessed as positive from the point of view of
changes in the structure of the economy. So, on the background of reducing the
number of people employed in agriculture with 2294,9 thousand in 2010 to 2196,1
thousand people in 2011, and manufacturing industries with 565,6 million in
2010 to 542,2 thousand people in 2011, the economy has witnessed a slight
increase in the number of workers in the construction industry, in education
and health (table 1), indicating the absence of visible changes in the
structure of the economic system of the Republic, as the decline in employment
in some sectors has not led to major changes in the other [4].
Table 1 -
Employed population by kinds of economic activity (people, by thousand) [4]
|
Industries |
In fact |
||||
|
2009 year |
2010 year |
2011 year |
2012 year |
2013 year |
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
Employed population - total: |
7704,6 |
8114,2 |
8301,6 |
8462,5 |
8546,1 |
|
Agriculture, hunting and
fisheries |
2175,2 |
2294,9 |
2196,1 |
2147,1 |
2051,3 |
|
Industry |
921,9 |
948,8 |
960,3 |
1008,6 |
1041,4 |
|
including: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mining industry |
195,5 |
193,7 |
206,8 |
225,5 |
245,5 |
|
Manufacturing |
543,1 |
565,6 |
542,2 |
543,9 |
541,7 |
|
Production and distribution of
electricity, gas and water |
183,2 |
189,5 |
211,3 |
162,3 |
174,0 |
|
Construction |
551,3 |
569,8 |
614 |
653,8 |
666,1 |
|
Wholesale and retail trade;
repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
1165,8 |
1224,2 |
1233,7 |
1205,0 |
1253,5 |
|
Transport and storage |
476,3 |
511,8 |
546,3 |
575,4 |
566,9 |
|
Financial and insurance
activities |
100,1 |
104,7 |
119,2 |
144,3 |
143,5 |
|
Operations with real estate,
rent and granting of services to consumers |
117 |
139 |
135,6 |
107,6 |
103,7 |
|
Public administration and
defense; compulsory social security |
371,5 |
376,5 |
391,9 |
383,5 |
396,0 |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
Education |
773,6 |
816,2 |
851,5 |
870,8 |
921,5 |
|
Health and social services |
347,9 |
370,2 |
392,4 |
405,6 |
432,3 |
|
Activities of households
employing domestic workers and producing goods and services for own
consumption |
21,4 |
22,5 |
23,9 |
18,2 |
14,9 |
According to the data in Kazakhstan low share of employment in the service
sector. Given the many heterogeneous industries within the service sector, it
should be noted that in the service sector of developed countries, considerable
weight is professional and maintenance services, while in Kazakhstan almost a
third (28.6 percent) of the employed population in service sector consists of
trade, and repair services.
The analysis of statistical data in recent years shows that the situation
in the Kazakhstan labor market still posed a number of challenges, most
important of which are: the low quality of the labor force and the presence of
inefficient employment, a high percentage of self-employed people (including
more than one million people employed in private farm), shadow employment and
unemployment in the regions and small towns.
Over the five-year reforms in the country depreciated and gradual
degradation of labor potential. The underutilization of the labor force is
expressed not only in quantitative parameters of unemployment, but also in the
declining quality of employment that is not reflected in official statistics.
This is evidenced by the large scale partial depressed and unemployment,
distribution of part-time employment. Low labor incomes, a large part of the
workers forces them to seek additional sources of livelihood, to agree to any
conditions. All these problems manifested themselves fully with the onset of
the global economic crisis.
Such dynamics is not due to structural and cyclical changes in the economy.
The vision 2020 is projected labor shortages associated with unfavorable
demographic situation of the 1990-ies [2]. According to expert estimates, the
demand for foreign workforce by 2015 will amount to about 1.2 million people
[5]. "Transparency" of borders, visa-free entry for citizens of neighboring
countries, with incomes below the income level of the population in Kazakhstan,
as well as the existence of an informal labor market will create a significant
amount of irregular labor migration in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
List of sources
1.
Message from the
President - the Leader of the nation Nursultan Nazarbayev to the
people of Kazakhstan. "Socio-economic
modernization as main vector of development of Kazakhstan // Kazakhstan Pravda,
January 28, 2012.
2.
Strategic plan of the
Ministry of labour and social protection of population of the
Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-2014 yy. The decree
of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 31 December 2009 No. 2342
- http://www.enbek.gov.kz/law/law.ph
3.
M. M. Chibutov, The
review of the model of management of external migration in the
Republic of Kazakhstan //Russian Institute for
strategic studies: draft of the national strategy Institute "Immigration
of population in modern Russia: economy, social sphere, national
security". Available at: http://www.riss.ru/demography/famille/3510-obzor-modeli-upravlenie-vneshnej-migratsiej-v-respublike-kazakhstan#.VNOI-C4pq2l
4. http://www.stat.kz
5. Economic activity of the
population of Kazakhstan, 2007 - 2011 / Statistical collection.
Astana,
2012 - 388 p.