Akhatov U.A. candidate of law sciences, associate professor

Myrzakulov А.S. 1st year undergraduate student

Al-Farabi Kazkah National University

IMPLEMETATION PECULIARITIES OF NATIONAL-STATE

DEMARCATION OF SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA

It is known that on the basis of Turkestan region subordinate to former Imperial Russia, April 30, 1918, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established based on the Soviet system. This was the first Soviet Autonomous Republic of Soviet type in Central Asia. Well, only in 1920 located there the Bukhara and Khiva Khanate were demolished, instead Bukhara and Khorezm People's Soviet republics of the Soviet model were established. Soon these republics were disbanded. What is the secret of the dissolution of the national republics? What are reasons?
Moreover, there are few complex researches on the mentioned topic. During the Soviet period the works of domestic scientists B. Manelïs, Kh.T. Tursunov and I. Krıltsov, S. Radjabov, V. Napomnïna were studied mainly with respect to Kazakhstan materials. The works of the following scientists are of great importance: S. Zimanov, S.S Sartayev, M.S , Sapargaliev, A. Nusupbekov, T.A Agdarbekov, and nowadays now historians T. Omarbekov, F. Maimakov, B.O. Koishybayev, M.A . Maldıbekova.
So, let's look at the reasons of disbandment of multinational republics in Central Asia, for the establishment of the national republics, according to the nature of the place. First, the need for effective solutions of international problems. All the republics were of multiethnic character. One nation didn’t have a national priority. For example, ethnic Uzbeks were settled in the three republics. The Soviet government eventually feared of inter-ethnic conflict. Secondly, at that time one of the leaders of the Turkestan Republic, a representative of the Kazakh intelligentsia T.Ryskulov and a group of intellectuals led by him forwarded the idea of forming "Turkish Republic". This, in turn, made to panic the Soviet leadership. Third, the purpose of solving economic problems. Each national republic needed to have own economic priorities. Fourth, the result of laborious work of Kazakh intellectuals of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in Kazakh lands to join the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic should be noted. Fifth, in order to implement Soviet Governing system effectively and according to the principle "Share ahead and conquer" to manage each nation individually was very effective for the Centre and there were some other reasons.
At the same time, it was important to determine ethnic composition of the three countries and their location. Uzbek scientist Kh .T. Tursunov based on that time statistical reports, gives the following data:      

"Of the total number of Uzbeks living in Central Asia, 66.5% lived in Turkestan Republic, 22.2% - in the Bukhara and 11.3% - in the Khorezm Republic. To the total population of the Turkestan Republic uzbeks accounted for 41.4%, 50.1% of the Republic of Bukhara and Khorezm Republic of 61.1%. Of all Turkmens living in Central Asia, 43.2% lived in Turkestan, 27.0% - in Bukhara and 29.8% - in Khorezm; 47.7% of the Central Asian Tajiks lived in Turkestan , and 52.3% - in Bukhara .

Uzbeks inhabited Turkestan ASSR in Ferghana and Samarkand, Tashkent and Myrzachulsky uyezds of Syr Darya region. Separate groups of Uzbeks lived in some areas of Shymkent and Turkestan counties of the same area; in Bukhara region they lived in Baisun, Guzar, Karshi, Kermeninsk, Nur-Ata, Shahrisyabskyi, Shirabadskyi and Sary-Assiysk vilayets (regions) in the Khorezm Republic - Novo-Urgench and in areas of the city of Khiva.

Turkmens in cohesive mass lived in the Turkmen region Turkestan ASSR, in the south of Bukhara Republic (Chardzhuyskaya region) and in the southern and south-western parts (in the Turkmen and Tashauz areas) of the Khorezm Republic.

The bulk of the Tajiks was concentrated in the eastern part of the Republic of Bukhara (present territory of the Tajik SSR). Most of the population were in Khujand district of Samarkand region. Tajiks lived in some areas of the Samarkand uyezd in the same area, as well as in a number of areas of the Fergana region of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Pamir, Kanibadam, Isfara and etc.) and central Bukhara.

Kirghiz held the territory of the Turkestan ASSR Karakol (Prezhevalsk) Pshpeksk, Naryn uyezdz ( territorial unit) of Semirechensk region, parts of the Aulie-Ata uyezd of Syr-Darya region and some parts of the Ferghana region (Osh district, Jalal-Abad town of Andijan County and others.).

Karakalpaks lived in compact mass in the Amu Darya region of the Turkestan Republic north-eastern regions (Kazakh-Karakalpakstan region) of the Khorezm Republic. Separate groups of Karakalpak were settled in parts of the Fergana region.

Significant amounts of Kazakhs occupied the northern, north-western and north-eastern parts of the Turkestan ASSR: Alma-Ata; Dzharkent, Lepsi, Taldykorgan uyezdz of Semirechensk area and Ak-Mechet, Aulie-Ata, Kazaly, Turkestan and Shymkent uyezdz of Syr-Darya region, Kazakhs livied in some areas of Tashkent and Myrzachul uyezds, counties "[1, 9-11 bb.] .

As we can see, the Central Asian Soviet republics were a truly multi-ethnic population and mixed settled. This, of course, the result of the Russian Empire conquest policy. Therefore, Soviet Russia attempted to bring Central Asian republics to certain system. This, in turn, became effective and necessary political event for Kazakhstan.
In order to carry out this historical and political event, special working groups and committees were set up. "Central Asia and Kazakhstan, national-state demarcation was carried out by the center in Moscow, including RK (b) under the direct supervision and special plan of the Central Committee. In January 21, 1924, RK (b) Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee (Orgbyuro) RK (b), the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan (b), the Chairman of the Central Asian Bureau of the Central Committee Ya. E. Rudzitak was given a task in collaboration with Turkistan ASSR in Tashkent, Bukhara and Khorezm SSR-national staff to advise about possibility of state demarcation of Central Asia in future according to national principles. So, this task of national-state demarcation of RK Central Asia and Kazakhstan was carried out by the head of the representative body of the Central Asian Bureau of the Central Committee. [2, 54, p.].

The purpose of each nation in this process was to save its historical sites and of course, if possible by the permission of central Moscow to preserve sustainability. Regional Commission was created under the direction of the Bureau of the Central Asia. The main purpose of the commission was to divide republics according to the national nature of the location of the republics. Regional Commission met with many discussions and conflicts in the course of their work. "Due to forming separate nations RK (b) debate spread in the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Central Asian territories of the Central Asian republics on the demarcation was held in preparation for the Commission and the national commissions of the most territory. Five months of discussion, planning, debate, feedback and advising culmination was seen in 1924,on August 17, in the plenum of the Territorial Commission. This stenography report of the meeting "a flaming debate, the newly created national interests of the Soviet Socialist Republics to the territorial claims of employees was brought to our era" "[3, 31, p.].
Of course, each nation felt his side in a blanket. Because, they certainly did not know if there would be a possibility to have their share in the future. After many discussions, a lot of meetings and under the supervision of Central Moscow three Central Asian republics have agreed as follows: " In the V Congress of the Council of the Buhara Peoples Republic held in September 1924 the decision was made to unite uzbeks of Turkestan, Bukhara and Khorezm together, and create the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and the Tajik Autonomous Region. Turkmens in Buhara republic were combined with Turkmen Soviet Republic. In September 29, in the V Khorezm Congress

as mentioned above in support of the resolutions adopted by the Congress of the Republic of Bukhara in Congress, taking into account national symbol, started to demarcate both the Republic of Khorezm and at the same time, the Republic of Turkestan . This question was discussed in III Turkestan emergency session, which was held on 15-16 September 1924. The following resolution was adopted at the end of this session:
1. In accordance with the wishes of the workers and farmers of Uzbek people they leave the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , gain the right to form independent Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic ;
2. In accordance with the wishes of the Turkmen people and farmers to leave the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to establish the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic;
3. In accordance with the wishes of the workers and farmers of the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) people, they leave the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic gain the right to join Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Soviet Socialist Republic;
4. In accordance with the wishes of the workers and farmers of Kara-Kyrgyz people they leave the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and have the right to the establishment of the autonomous region;
5. In accordance with the wishes of the workers and farmers of the Tajik people they leave TASSR and have the right to create Tajic autonomous region. At the same time, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Republic of Turkmen, Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region, the Autonomous Province of Tajik and Kazakh region were to call their Congress "[4, pp 65-66.].

Further the newly formed republics started the process of management and the nature of the legal system. Of course it was carried out under the supervision of Central Moscow. In this serious political campaign Kazakh people were in the position of both, winners and losers. Winning - ancient people joined together in a common location of the country, and losing- because of this political campaign previous Kazakh lands became part of the newly formed republics.
" In October 1924 there was a demarcation of Kazakhstan and Central Asia territories. Territories inhabited by the Kazakhs joined to Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Former Turkestan, Khorezm, Khiva republics, 40% of the territory of 1.5 million entered the territory of the KASSR. Kazakh territory expanded up to2.8 million. km. The size of the republic took the second place after the RSFSR. Kazakhstan border grew up to 2200 km. The number of Southern inhabitants increased from 4.8 million to 6.5 million. The number of Kazakhs - 59.9% "[5, pp 1-2.].
In conclusion, demarcation took place in 1924, in the republics of Central Asia was a strict political event under the supervision of Central Moscow. The decision based on it was effective to the local nationalities. And for Kazakh people from embezzlement to the country of Kazakh history have come together under the same roof.

References:
1. Tursunov Kh .T. About National-State demarcation of Central Asia // Materials of joint scientific session on the history of the people of Central Asia and Kazakhstan in socialism period. - Tashkent: Publishing house of Uzbek SSR Science academy. - 1957. p. 3-21.
2. Maimakov G. The formation of the integrity of Kazakh land (the formation of the territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Central Asia demarcation of national-state). Monograph. Almaty: "M.H. Dulati Foundation ", 2005. - 208 p.
3. B. O. Koishybayev National- territorial classification of the Central Asian Soviet republics and studies and service to establish political leadership of the Kazakh national state. (1924-1926.). Thesis for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Almaty, 2002. - 182 p.
4. Maldybekova M. A. Demarcation of Turkestan republic and the issue of territorial integrity of the Kazakh SSR . Thesis for the degree of candidate of historical sciences. - Astana, 2002. - 146 p.
5. Kazakhstan in the period of the totalitarian system. http // www.testent.ru. - p.2.