Udartseva
Olga professor Federal STATE budgetary educational institution of the Altai
state agrarian University
Engineering
student Roman Bachurin
Method of assessment process environmental safety pesticide
spraying.
The currently used chemical method of
plant protection has a good economic effect. However there is the problem of
environmental safety of the process. Sprayed pesticides have not only target
impact - when sprayed on plants is deposited 5-30%, and 70-95% of pesticides in
the soil. There is a need to develop methods of estimating the parameters of
environmental safety of the technological process of spraying pesticides.
Key
words: environmental safety, toxicity of pesticides, the process of sputtering.
Introduction.
Environmental
risk assessment of pesticides, based on the use of indicators ( half - life
DT50ñòîéêîñòè ,
the toxicity index-LC-50, the sorption coefficient - Kd) is interesting because
it allows to carry out comparative analysis of products, methods and systems
for applying pesticides. Measure of environmental toxicity of the process of
applying pesticides and their aftereffect is currently lacking, which hampers
the assessment of environmental risk associated with their use. The problems of
environmental safety of the process of spraying of pesticides was carried out
by scientists kutsenogii K. P, Melnikov N. N, Abubekerov V. A. [ 1,2,3].
In the form of a legislated environmental
indicators of pesticide have been applied in the so-called "registration
requirements" - data on the pesticide, the registrant shall submit at
registration. Such requirements relating to the environmental assessment of
pesticides and currently in force in the Russian Federation, see
"Ecological characteristics of the active substance",
"Information about pesticide" [order of the Ministry of agriculture
of the Russian Federation dated 10.07.2012 No. 357]. Among the required data -
the above indicators DT50, Koc and LC (Òable 1).
|
Theindicator |
Functionaldependence |
hazardstatements |
|
DT50 - period of polurethane pesticide in natural
environments |
With(soil, water, air) = f (t) |
Persistence in soil, water and air |
|
Kd
(CBS) - sorptioncoefficient |
Crestor
= f (Spoca) |
Mobility in the system soil-solution |
|
H is the Henry's law constant |
Vozduh
= f (S) |
The mobility in the system solution-air |
|
BCF
- bioaccumulationfactor |
Organism = f (C water, soil) |
The ability to accumulate in organisms non-target
species |
|
LC50 and NOEC - and sub-lethal concentration of
inactive |
L = f (Spoca, water, air) |
Toxicity to non-target organisms |
Table 1-Indicators of
environmental pesticides
The above indicators for
semantic content, are indicators of the ecological risks of pesticides and
almost all classifications characterizing the environmental risk of pesticides,
is the classification of the above indicators. For example, the classification
of indicators of toxicity of pesticides used to assign to a particular class of
hazardous chemicals. Or classification of pesticides by their persistence in
soil (Table 2), which is the art of agriculture direction of further use of the
soil, take measures to reduce residual pesticides, the alternation of crops
resistant to pesticides.Information on the half-life (DT50, DT90) allows us to
take the decision to use a particular pesticide in view of the growing season
of plants, sub-model of plant growth. Pesticides with a long period of
decomposition in the soil should not be used in areas where the growing season
is short process, because credible threat long aftereffect.
Table
2 - Classify the persistence of pesticides in soil
|
class |
Indicatorsofresistance, day |
|
|
DT50 |
DT90 |
|
|
Unstable |
<
7 |
<
21 |
|
Milestone |
7
– 21 |
21
– 70 |
|
Rednisone |
22
– 60 |
71
– 200 |
|
persistent |
61 – 120 |
201 – 400 |
|
Veryresistant |
> 120 |
> 400 |
In contrast to the primary
data (MPC) indicators are useful for comparing the properties of various
pesticides, as the primary data source for their calculation is obtained in
standard controlled conditions.
The
purpose and methods.
Pesticide environmental
risk - the probability of it in the real environment and the lack of
regulations on the use of a particular pesticide preparation. Definition of
environmental hazard and risk assessment of the use of environmentally friendly
processing spraying pesticides.
The
environmental assessment process, spraying pesticides requires a systematic
approach, which should be based on the analysis, logic, economics and
regulations governing standards and pesticide application technology.
The system approach objects
of different nature are interacting elements. Man - Technology process-
environment interact in agricultural production. Man, as part of a systematic
approach determines the required technological mode, but since more Spraying
Systems are equipped with computer programs that automatically adjust and
maintain a constant rate of pesticide application, depending on the speed of
the unit on the field, the role of the operator Spraying system decreases.
The second element of the
systems approach is process of spraying with an adjustable range of regime
parameters: application rate of the working fluid; distribution of liquid
spray; limit dispersion coating thickness and completeness of the machined
surface. The third element of the system, advocates environment. The problem of
ecological safety of the use of pesticides is to demolish the fine particles of
the treatment zone and soil pollution as a result of rolling droplets during
the spraying process. Based on the analysis of the elements of the system
approach the determining role belongs Process pesticide spraying. The presence
or absence of environmental residues of pesticides, as a factor aftereffect
depends on the design parameters of spray devices and technology application.
Measure ecological risks of
pesticides are classes of their durability, mobility and toxicity. Toxicity
pesticides are used 2-3 hazard classes. These preparations are characterized by
long duration of action - from 3 to 12 months, and the half-life is from 18 to
12 months.
Indicators of environmental hazards to evaluate the state of the environment
under the influence of pesticide products.
-half-life-period DT50, DT90
indicator of persistence of pesticides in soil,
pesticide sorption
coefficient KD in the soil-water;
-poluletalnye and lethal
doses of pesticides, which characterizes the half-dose survival, median lethal
dose or lethal dose LD50. Criteria for environmental hazard half-life,
stability, toxicity index, the coefficient of sorption generated by existing
indicators. Indicators are measured in points. The less information on the
indicator thresholds, the lower scorers object under study and the lower the
level of environmental safety of the sputtering process. The authors defined a
mathematical relationship between the level of ecological safety of the
spraying process, which takes into account the sum of the scores for each
ecological criteria, as well as information provision coefficient whose value
depends on the number of significant set of primary indicators of environmental
safety.The total number of points on 3 of 12 indicators:
Environmental safety of
pesticide spraying process is considered to be secured if the aftereffect of
the sputtering process is 12 to 10 points (3rd level of environmental safety);
- 2 Level is calculated at
50% probability level 3. score ranges from 10 to 8;
- 1 Level of environmental
security is characterized, if the evaluation process aftereffect is less than 8
points.
The
results of the study.
The proposed
environmental safety assessment process
pesticide spraying will be the basis for a decision on the choice of spray
devices and spray process in order to reduce the negative impact on the
environment. The introduction of the coefficient of ecological situation in the
region will develop recommendations for crop rotation.
Findings
Theoretical overview of the
process parameters pesticide spraying allows us to conclude that this is
currently the only economically justified method of protecting plants used
around the world. At the same time, there is a problem of environmental safety
of the process, the accumulation of pesticide residues in the formulations for
soil removal and processing zone. Used indicators of ecological risks of
pesticides allow us to speak about the state or change components of the
environment, under the influence of pesticide products. Remains unresolved the
question of analyzing the process of pesticide application, this information
may be obtained at the initial stage of interaction of pesticide products with
the environment that is during the spraying process. There is a need to
establish evidence-based patterns of pesticide spraying process and
environmental parameters, to develop technical, information, and software for
environmental monitoring of the sputtering process.
Bibliography.
1.Abubikerov VA, Nikitin NV,
Raskin MS et al. environmentally sound technologies spraying crops with
herbicides // Advances in science and technology. APK, 2011. ¹ 4. pp.28-30.
2.Kutsenogy KP Pesticides in
ecosystems: problems and prospects: Analytical obzor.- Novosibirsk SPSTL,
2004.-142s.
3. Melnikov NN The current
situation with the use of pesticides // Chem. industry. 2009. ¹ 2. pp 14-18.