Nazarbekoba Z.M.
A. Baitursynov Kostanai
State University, Kazakhstan
Concept
of foreign politics
The problem of world politics and the international
relations is one of the main in all political theory.
The world politics is a cumulative line, equally effective,
developing as a result both diverse inconsistent, and coordinated actions of
the states and other international subjects on the world scene. The world
politics includes the process of development, acceptance and implementation of
the decisions mentioning life of the world community, set of installations and
the purposes determined by radical interests of the states, and also their
practical activities on implementation of the developed course and achievement
of the planned purposes, cumulative political activity of the main subjects of
the international law.
M.
Kaplan identifies six types of the international systems.
The
first type is a "system of balance of forces". On his opinion it
existed in the XVIII, XIX centuries and the beginning of the XX century. This
system is characterized by multipolarity. There have to be not less than five
powers, differently it will turn into the bipolar.
The
second type is a "flexible bipolar system" which, according to M.
Kaplan, existed since 1945. This system is characterized by existence of two
dominating and resisting each other states. The less strong states are involved
in coalitions or blocks which are supervised by one of them. The less strong
states are involved in coalitions or blocks which are supervised by one of
them. The internal device of blocks can vary from rigidly hierarchical and
authoritative where the will of the leader is imposed to all by the rest, to
almost free coalition of the autonomous countries. In such system the non-state
universal actors - the international organizations (for example, the UNO) have
considerable influence.
According
to Kaplan, "the flexible bipolar system" differs instability. It will
be inevitably transformed to one of two other types - the "rigid
bipolar" or "unipolar" systems.
"The
rigid bipolar system" differs from the previous type that the blocks are
more subordinated hierarchy here, the non-aligned states disappear, and the
role of the international organizations is extremely limited. The extent of use
of the armed force for permission of the arising conflicts is high here.
On the
contrary, in the "universal international system" opposite the role
of the international organizations gains global character. This system reminds
the federal device where the global international organizations assume a
government role. Such system assumes well organized and ordered structure of
management in political, economic and administrative spheres. The universal
actor, it can be the UNO with the strongly expanded rights and powers, develops
the rules and supervises their observance within the international relations.
"The
hierarchical system" is, in fact, with a certain world state where all
roles are painted also each of the countries occupies the niche in rigid
hierarchy. Actually the national borders lose the dividing function. The
politics "becomes" in the uniform center and is supervised by the
power predominant force. Some centrifugal tendencies are stopped.
The
last type - "the system of the single veto" - is under construction
on the principle of responsibility of each state for actions of all of the
others. Here each of the state actors can block the common decision, as well as
resist to such blocking. At this system "each actor leans on a negative
golden rule of the natural right" - "don't do another what you don't
wish yourself". Such behavior of the states could be observed in case of
general distribution of the nuclear weapon.
In the
real life there were only two of the offered - a system of balance of forces
and a bipolar system.
M.
Kaplan's structural approach gravitates to the abstraction and the generalizing
conclusions. The criticism of its theory leans, generally, on two situation.
First, at this typology the influence of processes in the states isn't
considered; secondly, in its international system the behavior of the states
dominates, and other actors get at the best the supporting roles.
However,
its theory began the structural analysis of the international systems. Even his
chief critic K. Waltz agrees that in the history it is possible to observe two
types of the international systems: multipolar system which characterized the
interstate relations since the Westphalian Contract before World War II, and
bipolar system which came instead of it. The majority of other researchers hold
the same opinion.
Structurally the world politics is presented by
foreign politics activity of the national states, regional interstate and
public structures, groups, the unions and other associations, activity at
global level of the UNO and other organizations and the establishments
authorized on it by the states and the people.
The external politics is the general course of the
state in the international affairs, regulation of the relations of this country
with other states and the people according to its principles and purposes,
carried out by various means and methods.
The purposes of foreign politics as one of the
directions of political activity are preservation by the state the sovereignty
(political independence) and ensuring ща the national security and territorial integrity. As a
result of realization of these purposes favorable conditions for internal
political, economic and social development of the country are created.
Realizing the interests in the field of the external relations, the state
carries out the foreign politics function.
For understanding of essence of the international
relations it is necessary to distinguish according to the content of the
concept "world politics" and "foreign politics". In this
regard it should be noted that the foreign politics is a continuation of
domestic politics, its distribution on the relations with other states by means
of various means and methods. As well as the domestic politics, it is closely
connected with a dominating system.