Senior lecturer, N.S. Kaumenov

A. Baitursynov Kostanai State University

Modern way of animal waste disposal and their development

Adoption of the Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050": new political course held state "set clear guidelines for the construction of a stable and efficient economic model, based on the country's transition to a" green "way of development.

In his last address to the President of Kazakhstan indicates the origin of the global changes in the world economy caused by climate change and sets out his vision for the further development of Kazakhstan through the prism of "green eco-friendly economy."

Kazakhstan, a country that actively supports international cooperation and is a regular participant in the processes of environmental and sustainable development at the subregional, regional and global levels. Our country participated in the UN World Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (1992) and in making its basic documents: the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21 and global environmental conventions.

However, considering not obvious economic gains have not been solved, many serious problems of environmental protection. Increasing desertification, threatening water shortages, "historical" pollution, growing volumes of waste and emissions, pose a serious threat to economic development, the environment and public health.

Historical heritage of industrial waste. Over the past decades have accumulated significant amounts of historical waste heavy industry, agriculture and mining. A substantial portion of this waste is toxic, and some of them - radioactive [1].

The extensive territory, profitable geopolitical position, the available financial and natural resources, the increased supply in the market more efficient and affordable green technologies and other factors are favorable to new opportunities. The most important segment of the economy, needs to be reformed from the point of application of the principles of green development, waste management sector are, the energy sector and the sector of water consumption.

The country has now accumulated a whole more than 30 billion. Tons of waste, including 46.9 million. Tons of municipal waste. Each year, the newly formed about 700 million, tons of industrial waste, 3.5 million. tons of household waste, more than 92 million, tons of animal waste, which can be used to produce biogas and fertilizer et al. products.

Disposal of ash waste in Kazakhstan does not exceed 1% of municipal waste going to landfills and dumps - 0.2%, while in developed countries, recycling of waste is 60-90%.

Industrial wastes are mainly exported to landfills, where stored. In this case, regulatory and methodological requirements for construction of the landfill does not meet international standards.

Particularly dangerous toxic waste and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). By the volume of accumulated wastes containing POPs (250 thous. tonnes), Kazakhstan ranks second in the region of Eastern Europe and the CIS after the Russian Federation.

Modern green technologies can effectively recycle solid waste (MSW). In this case, the profitability of recycling of solid waste can exceed 50% (the level of European directives). Therefore, you should treat the waste as a secondary raw material that can generate income. Technological solutions allow waste building materials, heat and electricity, fertilizer, feed, and more. et al. A special place is occupied by new (green) types of fuels (fuel briquettes, pellets, biogas), the efficiency of combustion which is 1.5 times higher than the burning of coal and CO₂ emissions - twice less.

Biogas plants, unlike other independent power facilities using renewable energy sources can operate around the clock, almost anywhere there is biomass or organic waste. In Austria, the share of biofuels in the energy sector - 12%, in Finland - 23% in the whole EU-14%. In addition to power generation, biogas technology - it is also an environmentally friendly way of recycling organic waste.

In Kazakhstan, a stable source of biomass for energy production may be agricultural residues, crop production of a technical nature, the organic fraction in the morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW), which reaches up to 40% in the total mass of solid waste on average in Kazakhstan [2].

In Kazakhstan, the annual output of livestock and poultry waste by dry weight - 22.1 million tonnes, or 8.6 billion m³ of gas (cattle - 13 million tonnes of sheep - 6.2 million tons, horses - 1 million tonnes), vegetable residues - 17.7 million tons (wheat - 12 million tonnes, barley - 6 million tonnes, or 8.9 billion m³), which is equivalent to 14 - 15 million tons of standard fuel, or 12.4 million tons oil, or more than half of oil production [3].

At present, the development of effective ways of recycling organic waste to large livestock farms and complexes is conducted mainly in several ways: use of excreta as fertilizer; processing of animal excrement on feed additives; recycling of organic residues for feed, manure production from wastewater containing pure water; obtaining biofuels from manure [4].

Preference will be given as if the fertilizer produced in the biogas plant will be in demand by the enterprise, such as the market for fertilizer is not yet established and difficult to sell them. If all of these factors add up to a single project, the biogas plant can be cost-effective even in the absence of subsidies.

The development of the energy sector in the country, its government support now more declarative in nature. Most of the projects aimed at obtaining bioenergy, without it is unprofitable.

If you look to the future, in five to seven years, even without the "green tariff" projects biogas plants will start to pay off and cost-effective. After constantly rising prices for electricity and gas, while the cost of animal waste remains virtually unchanged. A good incentive for the development of biogas energy would be the introduction of the environmental tax for waste disposal.

Technology involving organic waste dairy and beef cattle in feed production of natural quality can be used: in livestock farms and complexes of dairy and beef cattle; in livestock on pig farms; in animal breeding at the stud; in animal husbandry in the sheep sector; in animal husbandry in the backyard; on broiler poultry and eggs-producing complexes; poultry goose, duck and turkey farms; for the disposal of sludge river and lake sediments.

It is known that at the present time in the vicinity of livestock complexes in special tanks and sumps, and even in bulk, accumulated tens of thousands of tons of manure, which is formed around a zone of biochemical, bacteriological and animal health risk to humans, animals and birds. Waste water and filtration of them, penetrating into the soil, undergo various chemical reactions and cause irreparable harm to natural natural biotic communities. Small rivers of water, air flow, as well as wild and feral animals and birds spread of environmentally dangerous substrate settlers for miles, and even tens of kilometers around. This creates a threat to the existence of all the existing evolutionary biogeocenose region, ie, ultimately, the threat of ecological well-being and quality of life of the population. After manure substances getting into the soil, enter into multiple chemical reactions with organic and mineral substances and form a sometimes toxic compounds that destroy the soil and plant biocenosis. Ultimately, getting into the human body, these substances, along with mineral fertilizers and pesticides cause disease in the body system.

Another problem breeding complexes - a cattle corpses, his insides and other waste. There are two ways of their utilization. This device special pits Becker, as well as the use of the crematorium. Becker pits require relatively high cash, as labor costs, they can pass the bacteria, pathological and harmful micro-organisms and are not always effective. Crematorium require investment.

In the meat industry to annually produce 1 million tonns of secondary raw materials and waste, which is then used only a small part. Waste meat industry - a valuable raw material for feed. Feed of animal origin are high in protein and nutritious [5].

Huge costs for the purchase of imported technology and the increasing demands for the protection of the environment by the state motivate new large agricultural producers to seek technologies that exclude their participation and shoot them responsible for the disposal of waste production activities.

Analysis of Agriculture of Kazakhstan, its structure, and characteristics of the industry, as well as calculations of the potential production of biofuels, as well as other products from agricultural waste showed that the greatest value are: Kostanay, Akmola, North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar, East Kazakhstan, Almaty and South Kazakhstan region. Karaganda, West Kazakhstan, Zhambyl and Aktobe have an average potential. The largest volumes of organic waste gives cattle ranching, horses and sheep. The smallest - poultry, pork. By the volume of animal waste in the lead Almaty, West Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan, Kostanay, Karaganda region.

Relevance of the topic is becoming more description for in the light of the need to take drastic decisions on the part of the international community regarding the difficult environmental conditions existing at the moment. In addition, the difficult economic conditions prompted some countries to rethink values and the choice of a new alternative path of development. An example of this can serve as the developed countries of Europe, South Korea, adopted the concept of "green growth" as a national strategy, Japan, China, etc.

References:

1. The Concept of the transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the "green economy" approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 30, 2013 № 577.-Astana, 52p.

2. Report of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan "The transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the green economy", Astana 2012, 23p.

3. Kurmanov A.K., Ryspaev K.S. Proceedings of the Orenburg State Agrarian University, Issue number 4 (42) / 2013-pp.78-80.

4. Efficient Russia. Multi-functional community portal. URL: http://energosber.info/articles/.

5. Belousova N.I. Mikhailova T.A. Using fat-containing waste the meat industry [Text] // Meat Industry. - 2008. - № 4. - pp 57- 59.