Ahmetova L.S.

Senior Lecturer, MA in History

Kostanay state university named after A. Baytursynov

Kazakhstan, Kostanay

POLICY ISSUE IN POLITICAL VIEWS OF KAZAKH EDUCATOR CHOCAN VALIKHANOV

Kazakh scientists’ researches of the last few years have convincingly shown that political thought in Kazakhstan historically has been developing as a special form of development of various social forces of historical reality and played a huge role in the development of social consciousness of the Kazakh people in determining the content and basic forms of its practice.

Philosophical and political thought has been developing in Kazakhstan in a very peculiar way, as in the forms of its expression and its content they reflected the uniqueness of the Kazakh society and its history.

Invaluable contribution to the development of political thought of his time was made by an outstanding educator and democrat Chokan Chingizovich Valikhanov. The problem of policy and its domain was the focus of attention of many prominent thinkers of the past and remains the same for specialists of political science, history and philosophy of the modern time. As for Chokan Valikhanov, he gave quite a profound study of its concept domain of politics and law, a concept, which is significantly different from all existing beforet and after it appeared, and which contained a lot of rational moments, that certainly deserve attention in today science. According to deep conviction by Chokan Valikhanov, policy is the power and the means for the system. Power is a function of government, the structure and content of which is entirely determined by the dominant social forces. Government represents the state everywhere. There can be no state without a government, and which is intended to implement the state policy. [1]

Deep philosophical understanding of the essence of politics by Ch.Valikhanov was to justify an organic link with the government policy and the method of its construction. It is important to draw attention to the fact that the policy, according to Kazakh educator, is not just a power. That the policy is associated with power, it was well understood by the majority before and after him. But that policy is not only just a power, there is also a way of its structure, the majority didn’t take that into acoount. This is the deepest meaning of Valikhanov’s approach to philosophical problems of policy.

Chokan Valikhanov believed that any authority, be it European, Russian or Asian, especially the Asian and Russian suffers from egregious abuses and does not stop when it is beneficial to her, before the violation of laws, that are accepted and protected by it. It is in the nature of power itself, which is rightly regarded by educator, reveling in their imaginary power and representing the confidence that there are not any power, which is able to bridle will of the nature.

In addition, Chokan believed that any power embodying government is a subject to corruption, i.e. inducements from innumerable set that are wishing to use the services of the members of the government for the sake of their own selfish purposes. Higher echelons of power obtain this in the form of bribery, as expensive gifts and offerings on any occasion or even without any reason, and lower echelons - secretly, without any pomp and noise, but thoroughly. Chokan Valikhanov considered a man and the society as a product of nature. As part of nature, society and nature in general develop naturally, i.e. based on laws that are objective. He imagined that the laws of society are different from the laws of nature, especially those that are more complex. In society, they are the result of the interaction of different classes, mental, moral and political qualities that are never the same and usually cause contradictions and sharp struggle between them.  Chokan Valikhanov believed that many of the causes and laws of social phenomena and events lie in contradiction and struggle of classes. Having recognized the natural character of the historical process, C. Valikhanov considered the decisive force of social progress as the level of education of society, i.e. prevalence among its members of truly scientific knowledge based on the study of reality itself, rather than the fantastic inventions of religion. “The only true knowledge gives the salvation spirit of doubt, only it teaches a person to appreciate life and material well-being." In addition to the knowledge factor, C. Valikhanov has freedom in social progress, by this he meant the democratic social order. Thus, he tried to explain why some people went to the top of civilization, while others are mired in a century of poverty and misery. C. Valikhanov considered ignorance, religious fanaticism and despotic power as hindering factors of social development of peoples. A definite place in the social development of peoples was given by C. Valihanov to a geographic factor, assuming that geographical environment affects social life, forming its specificity. In the study of the features of a people, in his opinion, in any case level of physical, mental and moral development of the individual can not be neglected, i.e. it is need to take into account the anthropological parameters of people. In February, 1864. Ch Valikhanov wrote his famous work "A note on judicial reform of Kirghiz of the Siberian Office", where under the guise of judicial reform project analysis he exposes a comprehensive critique of economic and political basis of the Kazakh feudal society, police-bureaucratic regime of tsarist colonial administration. [2]

Hostility to serfdom and all its products in the economic, social and legal field, the protection of education, government, freedom, and promotion of people’s interests, mainly peasants - all these features, we find in the writings of the first Kazakh scientist and democrat C. Valikhanov. Only constant desire to satisfy material and spiritual needs of the members of society, by Valikhanov, is incentive to move forward on the path of progress. C. Valikhanov divides all the reforms into useful and harmful, " only those reforms are useful that enhance human life, and harmful are the ones that for some reason hinder the achievement of this goal."

Therefore, he emphasizes the importance of in-depth study of life and customs of the people, their urgent needs, since only the light of these data certain changes should be made through reforms. Any other innovations without considering the interests of the people and the characteristics of his life are doomed to failure. Note the Valikhanov’s deep philosophical judgment about any socio-economic factor that depends on household structure of society, as the development of a living organism is entirely dependent on its environment. C. Valikhanov pointed out  that any change and reform can not only play a positive role, but even the negative if they are introduced or were introduced without considering the needs of society only because of "excessive zeal for humane theories." That’s why he demanded for a differentiated approach to the needs and the requests of each nation, based on its cultural and community level and socio-economic development. C. Valikhanov’s historic merit is that he, promoting advanced democratic ideas among his people and helping advanced sectors of society to fight against the darkness and ignorance of the masses, initiated the development of scientific and social thought of the Kazakhs.

Literature:

1.Chokan Valikhanov. “A note about the judicial reform. Collection of favorite essays. City Almaty, 2011

2.Chokan Valikhanov. “A journey to Kashgar. Collection of favorite essays. City Almaty, 2011